JN AJP: Cell Physiology
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
 QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     


J Neurophysiol 69: 416-431, 1993;
0022-3077/93 $5.00
This Article
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Kawaguchi, Y.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Kawaguchi, Y.

Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol 69, Issue 2 416-431, Copyright © 1993 by APS


ARTICLES

Groupings of nonpyramidal and pyramidal cells with specific physiological and morphological characteristics in rat frontal cortex

Y. Kawaguchi
Laboratory for Neural Systems, Frontier Research Program, RIKEN, Wako, Japan.

1. Physiological and morphological properties of layer V non-pyramidal and pyramidal cells in isolated slices of frontal cortex from young rats (16-22 days postnatal) were studied by whole-cell, current-clamp recording of visualized cell bodies coupled with intracellular staining by biocytin at 26-27 degrees C. 2. Plotting of spike width at half amplitude against input resistance revealed two physiological categories of nonpyramidal cells. One class (n = 29) had input resistances lower than 400 M omega and spike widths at half amplitude shorter than 0.8 ms; the other (n = 22) had input resistances higher than 400 M omega and spike widths longer than 0.8 ms. According to their spike firing characteristics, the former are called fast-spiking (FS) cells, and the latter low-threshold spike (LTS) cells. 3. Resting potentials were more negative in FS cells than in LTS cells. Membrane time constants in LTS cells were four times larger than those of FS cells. Afterhyperpolarizations (AHPs) following action potentials consisted of a single component in FS cells, but two components with early and late peaks were observed in LTS cells. AHPs of FS cells had faster time-to-peak and larger amplitude than the early component of the AHPs of LTS cells. 4. Low-threshold spikes induced by depolarizing current pulses were observed at hyperpolarized potentials in LTS cells, but not in FS cells. The low-threshold spikes in LTS cells could be activated at hyperpolarized potentials by synaptic potentials. 5. Spike trains elicited by depolarizing current pulses in FS cells showed almost no spike-frequency adaptation, whereas those in LTS cells showed adaptation. 6. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) of both groups of nonpyramidal cells contained N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated components. A combination of stimulation-induced EPSPs with depolarization caused repetitive firing in FS cells that was abolished by NMDA receptor blockers. Repetitive firing was not observed in LTS cells under these conditions. 7. The somal size of the two classes of nonpyramidal cells was similar. FS cells were all multipolar in shape, whereas LTS cells included both multipolar and bitufted types. The dendrites of some FS cells extended up into layers II/III, but there were also other FS cells with their dendrites restricted in layer V. Dendrites of LTS cells were mostly restricted to layer V. Dendrites of FS cells were mostly smooth, but those of LTS cells possessed a modest but consistent population of spines.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
C. A. Atencio and C. E. Schreiner
Spectrotemporal Processing Differences between Auditory Cortical Fast-Spiking and Regular-Spiking Neurons
J. Neurosci., April 9, 2008; 28(15): 3897 - 3910.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Cereb CortexHome page
H. Trantham-Davidson, S. Kroner, and J. K. Seamans
Dopamine Modulation of Prefrontal Cortex Interneurons Occurs Independently of DARPP-32
Cereb Cortex, April 1, 2008; 18(4): 951 - 958.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
J. A. Cardin, L. A. Palmer, and D. Contreras
Stimulus Feature Selectivity in Excitatory and Inhibitory Neurons in Primary Visual Cortex
J. Neurosci., September 26, 2007; 27(39): 10333 - 10344.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Cereb CortexHome page
I. Ferezou, E. L. Hill, B. Cauli, N. Gibelin, T. Kaneko, J. Rossier, and B. Lambolez
Extensive Overlap of Mu-Opioid and Nicotinic Sensitivity in Cortical Interneurons
Cereb Cortex, August 1, 2007; 17(8): 1948 - 1957.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Cereb CortexHome page
S. Kroner, L. S. Krimer, D. A. Lewis, and G. Barrionuevo
Dopamine Increases Inhibition in the Monkey Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex through Cell Type-Specific Modulation of Interneurons
Cereb Cortex, May 1, 2007; 17(5): 1020 - 1032.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurophysiol.Home page
E. L. Hill, T. Gallopin, I. Ferezou, B. Cauli, J. Rossier, P. Schweitzer, and B. Lambolez
Functional CB1 Receptors Are Broadly Expressed in Neocortical GABAergic and Glutamatergic Neurons
J Neurophysiol, April 1, 2007; 97(4): 2580 - 2589.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
J. G. Mancilla, T. J. Lewis, D. J. Pinto, J. Rinzel, and B. W. Connors
Synchronization of Electrically Coupled Pairs of Inhibitory Interneurons in Neocortex
J. Neurosci., February 21, 2007; 27(8): 2058 - 2073.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Neural Comput.Home page
B. Englitz, K. M. Stiefel, and T. J. Sejnowski
Irregular Firing of Isolated Cortical Interneurons in Vitro Driven by Intrinsic Stochastic Mechanisms
Neural Comput., January 1, 2007; 20(1): 44 - 64.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Cereb CortexHome page
K. Lindemeyer, J. Leemhuis, S. Loffler, N. Grass, W. Norenberg, and D. K. Meyer
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Modulate the NMDA- and AMPA-Induced Gene Expression in Neocortical Interneurons
Cereb Cortex, November 1, 2006; 16(11): 1662 - 1677.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Cereb CortexHome page
T. Gallopin, H. Geoffroy, J. Rossier, and B. Lambolez
Cortical Sources of CRF, NKB, and CCK and Their Effects on Pyramidal Cells in the Neocortex
Cereb Cortex, October 1, 2006; 16(10): 1440 - 1452.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Physiol.Home page
S. Murakami and Y. Okada
Contributions of principal neocortical neurons to magnetoencephalography and electroencephalography signals
J. Physiol., September 15, 2006; 575(3): 925 - 936.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
Y. Ma, H. Hu, A. S. Berrebi, P. H. Mathers, and A. Agmon
Distinct subtypes of somatostatin-containing neocortical interneurons revealed in transgenic mice.
J. Neurosci., May 10, 2006; 26(19): 5069 - 5082.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Cereb CortexHome page
Y. Kawaguchi, F. Karube, and Y. Kubota
Dendritic Branch Typing and Spine Expression Patterns in Cortical Nonpyramidal Cells
Cereb Cortex, May 1, 2006; 16(5): 696 - 711.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Cereb CortexHome page
N.V. Povysheva, G. Gonzalez-Burgos, A.V. Zaitsev, S. Kroner, G. Barrionuevo, D.A. Lewis, and L.S. Krimer
Properties of Excitatory Synaptic Responses in Fast-spiking Interneurons and Pyramidal Cells from Monkey and Rat Prefrontal Cortex
Cereb Cortex, April 1, 2006; 16(4): 541 - 552.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
G. Baranauskas and M. Martina
Sodium Currents Activate without a Hodgkin and Huxley-Type Delay in Central Mammalian Neurons
J. Neurosci., January 11, 2006; 26(2): 671 - 684.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurophysiol.Home page
L. S. Krimer, A. V. Zaitsev, G. Czanner, S. Kroner, G. Gonzalez-Burgos, N. V. Povysheva, S. Iyengar, G. Barrionuevo, and D. A. Lewis
Cluster Analysis-Based Physiological Classification and Morphological Properties of Inhibitory Neurons in Layers 2-3 of Monkey Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
J Neurophysiol, November 1, 2005; 94(5): 3009 - 3022.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurophysiol.Home page
G. Gonzalez-Burgos, L. S. Krimer, N. V. Povysheva, G. Barrionuevo, and D. A. Lewis
Functional Properties of Fast Spiking Interneurons and Their Synaptic Connections With Pyramidal Cells in Primate Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
J Neurophysiol, February 1, 2005; 93(2): 942 - 953.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
M. Galarreta, F. Erdelyi, G. Szabo, and S. Hestrin
Electrical Coupling among Irregular-Spiking GABAergic Interneurons Expressing Cannabinoid Receptors
J. Neurosci., November 3, 2004; 24(44): 9770 - 9778.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
F. Karube, Y. Kubota, and Y. Kawaguchi
Axon Branching and Synaptic Bouton Phenotypes in GABAergic Nonpyramidal Cell Subtypes
J. Neurosci., March 24, 2004; 24(12): 2853 - 2865.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Cereb CortexHome page
D. S. Melchitzky and D. A. Lewis
Pyramidal Neuron Local Axon Terminals in Monkey Prefrontal Cortex: Differential Targeting of Subclasses of GABA Neurons
Cereb Cortex, May 1, 2003; 13(5): 452 - 460.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurophysiol.Home page
Z. Xiang and D. A. Prince
Heterogeneous Actions of Serotonin on Interneurons in Rat Visual Cortex
J Neurophysiol, March 1, 2003; 89(3): 1278 - 1287.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Cereb CortexHome page
H. A. Swadlow
Fast-spike Interneurons and Feedforward Inhibition in Awake Sensory Neocortex
Cereb Cortex, January 1, 2003; 13(1): 25 - 32.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
R. M. Bruno and D. J. Simons
Feedforward Mechanisms of Excitatory and Inhibitory Cortical Receptive Fields
J. Neurosci., December 15, 2002; 22(24): 10966 - 10975.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurophysiol.Home page
N. Gorelova, J. K. Seamans, and C. R. Yang
Mechanisms of Dopamine Activation of Fast-Spiking Interneurons That Exert Inhibition in Rat Prefrontal Cortex
J Neurophysiol, December 1, 2002; 88(6): 3150 - 3166.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
R. C. Foehring, J. F. M. van Brederode, G. A. Kinney, and W. J. Spain
Serotonergic Modulation of Supragranular Neurons in Rat Sensorimotor Cortex
J. Neurosci., September 15, 2002; 22(18): 8238 - 8250.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
I. Ferezou, B. Cauli, E. L. Hill, J. Rossier, E. Hamel, and B. Lambolez
5-HT3 Receptors Mediate Serotonergic Fast Synaptic Excitation of Neocortical Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/Cholecystokinin Interneurons
J. Neurosci., September 1, 2002; 22(17): 7389 - 7397.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurophysiol.Home page
Z. Xiang, J. R. Huguenard, and D. A. Prince
Synaptic Inhibition of Pyramidal Cells Evoked by Different Interneuronal Subtypes in Layer V of Rat Visual Cortex
J Neurophysiol, August 1, 2002; 88(2): 740 - 750.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurophysiol.Home page
M. S. Jones and D. S. Barth
Effects of Bicuculline Methiodide on Fast (>200 Hz) Electrical Oscillations in Rat Somatosensory Cortex
J Neurophysiol, August 1, 2002; 88(2): 1016 - 1025.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
G. V. Williams, S. G. Rao, and P. S. Goldman-Rakic
The Physiological Role of 5-HT2A Receptors in Working Memory
J. Neurosci., April 1, 2002; 22(7): 2843 - 2854.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
A. Rozov, J. Jerecic, B. Sakmann, and N. Burnashev
AMPA Receptor Channels with Long-Lasting Desensitization in Bipolar Interneurons Contribute to Synaptic Depression in a Novel Feedback Circuit in Layer 2/3 of Rat Neocortex
J. Neurosci., October 15, 2001; 21(20): 8062 - 8071.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
J. K. Seamans, N. Gorelova, D. Durstewitz, and C. R. Yang
Bidirectional Dopamine Modulation of GABAergic Inhibition in Prefrontal Cortical Pyramidal Neurons
J. Neurosci., May 15, 2001; 21(10): 3628 - 3638.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
J. T. Porter, C. K. Johnson, and A. Agmon
Diverse Types of Interneurons Generate Thalamus-Evoked Feedforward Inhibition in the Mouse Barrel Cortex
J. Neurosci., April 15, 2001; 21(8): 2699 - 2710.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurophysiol.Home page
W. Sukov and D. S. Barth
Cellular Mechanisms of Thalamically Evoked Gamma Oscillations in Auditory Cortex
J Neurophysiol, March 1, 2001; 85(3): 1235 - 1245.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurophysiol.Home page
L. A. Gabel and J. J. LoTurco
Electrophysiological and Morphological Characterization of Neurons Within Neocortical Ectopias
J Neurophysiol, February 1, 2001; 85(2): 495 - 505.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
W. J. Zhu and S. N. Roper
Reduced Inhibition in an Animal Model of Cortical Dysplasia
J. Neurosci., December 1, 2000; 20(23): 8925 - 8931.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurophysiol.Home page
M. S. Jones, K. D. MacDonald, B. Choi, F. E. Dudek, and D. S. Barth
Intracellular Correlates of Fast (>200 Hz) Electrical Oscillations in Rat Somatosensory Cortex
J Neurophysiol, September 1, 2000; 84(3): 1505 - 1518.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurophysiol.Home page
B. J. Hefti and P. H. Smith
Anatomy, Physiology, and Synaptic Responses of Rat Layer V Auditory Cortical Cells and Effects of Intracellular GABAA Blockade
J Neurophysiol, May 1, 2000; 83(5): 2626 - 2638.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
S.-P. Onn and A. A. Grace
Amphetamine Withdrawal Alters Bistable States and Cellular Coupling in Rat Prefrontal Cortex and Nucleus Accumbens Neurons Recorded In Vivo
J. Neurosci., March 15, 2000; 20(6): 2332 - 2345.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurophysiol.Home page
D. Durstewitz, J. K. Seamans, and T. J. Sejnowski
Dopamine-Mediated Stabilization of Delay-Period Activity in a Network Model of Prefrontal Cortex
J Neurophysiol, March 1, 2000; 83(3): 1733 - 1750.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurophysiol.Home page
M. Galarreta and S. Hestrin
Burst Firing Induces a Rebound of Synaptic Strength at Unitary Neocortical Synapses
J Neurophysiol, January 1, 2000; 83(1): 621 - 624.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
M. Alkondon, E. F. R. Pereira, H. M. Eisenberg, and E. X. Albuquerque
Nicotinic Receptor Activation in Human Cerebral Cortical Interneurons: a Mechanism for Inhibition and Disinhibition of Neuronal Networks
J. Neurosci., January 1, 2000; 20(1): 66 - 75.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurophysiol.Home page
D. B. Jaffe and N. T. Carnevale
Passive Normalization of Synaptic Integration Influenced by Dendritic Architecture
J Neurophysiol, December 1, 1999; 82(6): 3268 - 3285.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurophysiol.Home page
M. A. Lebedev and R. J. Nelson
Rhythmically Firing Neostriatal Neurons in Monkey: Activity Patterns During Reaction-Time Hand Movements
J Neurophysiol, October 1, 1999; 82(4): 1832 - 1842.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurophysiol.Home page
J. J. Zhu and B. W. Connors
Intrinsic Firing Patterns and Whisker-Evoked Synaptic Responses of Neurons in the Rat Barrel Cortex
J Neurophysiol, March 1, 1999; 81(3): 1171 - 1183.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
M. C. Angulo, J. F. Staiger, J. Rossier, and E. Audinat
Developmental Synaptic Changes Increase the Range of Integrative Capabilities of an Identified Excitatory Neocortical Connection
J. Neurosci., March 1, 1999; 19(5): 1566 - 1576.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Cereb CortexHome page
Y. Kang, K. Endo, T. Araki, and T. Kaneko
Trans-synaptically Induced Bursts in Regular Spiking Non-pyramidal Cells in Deep Layers of the Cat Motor Cortex
Cereb Cortex, January 1, 1999; 9(1): 77 - 89.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
F. Grenier, I. Timofeev, and M. Steriade
Leading role of thalamic over cortical neurons during postinhibitory rebound excitation
PNAS, November 10, 1998; 95(23): 13929 - 13934.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
A. T. Gulledge and D. B. Jaffe
Dopamine Decreases the Excitability of Layer V Pyramidal Cells in the Rat Prefrontal Cortex
J. Neurosci., November 1, 1998; 18(21): 9139 - 9151.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurophysiol.Home page
M. Steriade and D. Contreras
Spike-Wave Complexes and Fast Components of Cortically Generated Seizures. I. Role of Neocortex and Thalamus
J Neurophysiol, September 1, 1998; 80(3): 1439 - 1455.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurophysiol.Home page
I. Timofeev, F. Grenier, and M. Steriade
Spike-Wave Complexes and Fast Components of Cortically Generated Seizures. IV. Paroxysmal Fast Runs in Cortical and Thalamic Neurons
J Neurophysiol, September 1, 1998; 80(3): 1495 - 1513.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
M. Steriade, I. Timofeev, F. Grenier, and N. Durmuller
Role of Thalamic and Cortical Neurons in Augmenting Responses and Self-Sustained Activity: Dual Intracellular Recordings In Vivo
J. Neurosci., August 15, 1998; 18(16): 6425 - 6443.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
ScienceHome page
Z. Xiang, J. R. Huguenard, and D. A. Prince
Cholinergic Switching Within Neocortical Inhibitory Networks
Science, August 14, 1998; 281(5379): 985 - 988.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


Home page
J. Neurophysiol.Home page
H. A. Swadlow, I. N. Beloozerova, and M. G. Sirota
Sharp, Local Synchrony Among Putative Feed-Forward Inhibitory Interneurons of Rabbit Somatosensory Cortex
J Neurophysiol, February 1, 1998; 79(2): 567 - 582.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurophysiol.Home page
M. Steriade, I. Timofeev, N. Durmuller, and F. Grenier
Dynamic Properties of Corticothalamic Neurons and Local Cortical Interneurons Generating Fast Rhythmic (30-40 Hz) Spike Bursts
J Neurophysiol, January 1, 1998; 79(1): 483 - 490.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurophysiol.Home page
R. E. Locke and J. M. Nerbonne
Role of Voltage-Gated K+ Currents in Mediating the Regular-Spiking Phenotype of Callosal-Projecting Rat Visual Cortical Neurons
J Neurophysiol, November 1, 1997; 78(5): 2321 - 2335.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.Home page
V. L. Arvanov, X. Liang, J. Schwartz, S. Grossman, and R. Y. Wang
Clozapine and Haloperidol Modulate N-Methyl-D-aspartate- and Non-N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor-Mediated Neurotransmission in Rat Prefrontal Cortical Neurons In Vitro
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., October 1, 1997; 283(1): 226 - 234.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
M. Galarreta and S. Hestrin
Properties of GABAA Receptors Underlying Inhibitory Synaptic Currents in Neocortical Pyramidal Neurons
J. Neurosci., October 1, 1997; 17(19): 7220 - 7227.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
B. Cauli, E. Audinat, B. Lambolez, M. C. Angulo, N. Ropert, K. Tsuzuki, S. Hestrin, and J. Rossier
Molecular and Physiological Diversity of Cortical Nonpyramidal Cells
J. Neurosci., May 15, 1997; 17(10): 3894 - 3906.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
M. A. Castro-Alamancos and B. W. Connors
Cellular Mechanisms of the Augmenting Response: Short-Term Plasticity in a Thalamocortical Pathway
J. Neurosci., December 1, 1996; 16(23): 7742 - 7756.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
S. Hestrin and W. E. Armstrong
Morphology and Physiology of Cortical Neurons in Layer I
J. Neurosci., September 1, 1996; 16(17): 5290 - 5300.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
E. de la Pena and E. Geijo-Barrientos
Laminar Localization, Morphology, and Physiological Properties of Pyramidal Neurons that Have the Low-Threshold Calcium Current in the Guinea-Pig Medial Frontal Cortex
J. Neurosci., September 1, 1996; 16(17): 5301 - 5311.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
M. I. Banks, L. B. Haberly, and M. B. Jackson
Layer-Specific Properties of the Transient K Current (IA) in Piriform Cortex
J. Neurosci.,