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1 Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1407; 2 Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; 3 Department of Neurological and Visual Sciences, University of Verona, Verona I-37134 Italy; and 4 Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0608
Luck, Steven J., Leonardo Chelazzi, Steven A. Hillyard, and Robert Desimone. Neural mechanisms of spatial selective attention in areas V1, V2, and V4 of macaque visual cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 24-42, 1997. Many neurons in extrastriate visual cortex have large receptive fields, and this may lead to significant computational problems whenever multiple stimuli fall within a single field. Previous studies have suggested that when multiple stimuli fall within a cell's receptive field, they compete for the cell's response in a manner that can be biased in favor of attended stimuli. In the present study we examined this role of attention in areas V1, V2, and V4 of macaque monkeys with the use of a behavioral paradigm in which attention was directed to one of two stimulus locations. When two stimuli were presented simultaneously inside the cell's receptive field (which could be accomplished only in areas V2 and V4), we found that the cell's response was strongly influenced by which of the two stimuli was attended. The size of this attention effect was reduced when the attended and ignored stimuli were presented sequentially rather than simultaneously. In addition, the effects became very weak and inconsistent in these areas when only one of the two stimuli was located inside the receptive field. Attention thus modulated sensory responses primarily when two or more simultaneous stimuli competed for access to a neuron's receptive field. As in areas V2 and V4, attention did not modulate sensory responses in area V1 when only a single stimulus was inside the receptive field. In addition, the small receptive fields in this area precluded the simultaneous presentation of attended and ignored stimuli inside the receptive field, making it impossible to determine whether attention effects would be observed under the conditions that led to consistent attention effects in areas V2 and V4. Spontaneous firing rates in areas V2 and V4 were found to be 30-40% higher when attention was directed inside rather than outside the receptive field, even when no stimulus was present in the receptive field. Spontaneous firing rates also varied according to the particular location within the receptive field that was attended. These shifts in spontaneous activity may reflect a top-down signal that biases responses in favor of stimuli at the attended location.
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C. Constantinidis and M. A. Steinmetz Posterior Parietal Cortex Automatically Encodes the Location of Salient Stimuli J. Neurosci., January 5, 2005; 25(1): 233 - 238. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. B. Rowe, K. E. Stephan, K. Friston, R. S.J. Frackowiak, and R. E. Passingham The Prefrontal Cortex shows Context-specific Changes in Effective Connectivity to Motor or Visual Cortex during the Selection of Action or Colour Cereb Cortex, January 1, 2005; 15(1): 85 - 95. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. T. Serences, S. Yantis, A. Culberson, and E. Awh Preparatory Activity in Visual Cortex Indexes Distractor Suppression During Covert Spatial Orienting J Neurophysiol, December 1, 2004; 92(6): 3538 - 3545. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. T. Serences, J. Schwarzbach, S. M. Courtney, X. Golay, and S. Yantis Control of Object-based Attention in Human Cortex Cereb Cortex, December 1, 2004; 14(12): 1346 - 1357. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Marois, M. M. Chun, and J. C. Gore A Common Parieto-Frontal Network Is Recruited Under Both Low Visibility and High Perceptual Interference Conditions J Neurophysiol, November 1, 2004; 92(5): 2985 - 2992. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Gross, F. Schmitz, I. Schnitzler, K. Kessler, K. Shapiro, B. Hommel, and A. Schnitzler Modulation of long-range neural synchrony reflects temporal limitations of visual attention in humans PNAS, August 31, 2004; 101(35): 13050 - 13055. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Ogawa and H. Komatsu Target Selection in Area V4 during a Multidimensional Visual Search Task J. Neurosci., July 14, 2004; 24(28): 6371 - 6382. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. E. Curtis, V. Y. Rao, and M. D'Esposito Maintenance of Spatial and Motor Codes during Oculomotor Delayed Response Tasks J. Neurosci., April 21, 2004; 24(16): 3944 - 3952. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. A. Sommer and R. H. Wurtz What the Brain Stem Tells the Frontal Cortex. I. Oculomotor Signals Sent From Superior Colliculus to Frontal Eye Field Via Mediodorsal Thalamus J Neurophysiol, March 1, 2004; 91(3): 1381 - 1402. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-M. Hopf, K. Boelmans, M. A. Schoenfeld, S. J. Luck, and H.-J. Heinze Attention to Features Precedes Attention to Locations in Visual Search: Evidence from Electromagnetic Brain Responses in Humans J. Neurosci., February 25, 2004; 24(8): 1822 - 1832. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. F.X. DeSouza and S. Everling Focused Attention Modulates Visual Responses in the Primate Prefrontal Cortex J Neurophysiol, February 1, 2004; 91(2): 855 - 862. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. W. Bisley, D. Zaksas, J. A. Droll, and T. Pasternak Activity of Neurons in Cortical Area MT During a Memory for Motion Task J Neurophysiol, January 1, 2004; 91(1): 286 - 300. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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