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The Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 81 No. 3 March 1999, pp. 1045-1056
Copyright ©1999 by the American Physiological Society
1School of Health Related Professions,
Sainburg, R. L.,
C. Ghez, and
D. Kalakanis.
Intersegmental dynamics are controlled by sequential anticipatory,
error correction, and positional control mechanisms. The purpose of this study is to examine the mechanisms underlying control
of intersegmental dynamics during reaching movements. Two experiments
were conducted to determine the relative contributions of anticipatory
and somatosensory feedback mechanisms in controlling intersegmental
dynamics and whether adaptation to novel intersegmental dynamics
generalizes across a range of movement directions. The mechanisms used
to control interaction torques were examined by altering the inertial
load of the forearm. Movements were restricted to the shoulder and
elbow and supported on a horizontal plane by a frictionless air-jet
system. Subjects made rapid out-and-back movements over a target line
presented on a computer screen. The screen cursor disappeared at
movement onset, and hand paths were displayed after each movement.
After subjects adapted to a novel inertial configuration, the position
of an attached mass was changed on pseudorandom trials. During these
"surprise" trials, movements were initiated with the torque
patterns appropriate to the previously learned inertial condition. As a
result, characteristic errors in initial movement direction were
predicted by an open-looped forward simulation. After these errors
occurred, feedback mediated changes in torque emerged that,
surprisingly, further decreased the accuracy of movement reversals.
Nevertheless at the end of movement, the hand consistently returned to
the starting position. It is plausible that the final position was
determined completely by feedback-mediated changes in torque. In a
second experiment, adaptation to a novel inertial load during movements
made in a single direction showed limited transfer across a range of
directions. These findings support and extend those of previous
reports, which indicated combined anticipatory and postural mechanisms
to coordinate rapid reaching movements. The current results
indicate a three-stage control system that sequentially links
anticipatory, error correction, and postural mechanisms to control
intersegmental dynamics. Our results, showing limited generalization
across directions, are consistent with previous reports examining
adaptation to externally applied forces and extend those findings to
indicate that the nervous system uses sensory information to
recalibrate internal representations of the musculoskeletal apparatus itself.
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