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The Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 81 No. 5 May 1999, pp. 2175-2190
Copyright ©1999 by the American Physiological Society
Departments of Neurology, Physiology, and Biophysics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, 10029; and Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210
Wearne, Susan,
Theodore Raphan, and
Bernard Cohen.
Effects of Tilt of the Gravito-Inertial Acceleration Vector on
the Angular Vestibuloocular Reflex During Centrifugation. J. Neurophysiol. 81: 2175-2190, 1999.
Effects of tilt of the gravito-inertial acceleration vector on
the angular vestibuloocular reflex during centrifugation.
Interaction of the horizontal linear and angular vestibuloocular
reflexes (lVOR and aVOR) was studied in rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys
during centered rotation and off-center rotation at a constant velocity (centrifugation). During centered rotation, the eye velocity vector was
aligned with the axis of rotation, which was coincident with the
direction of gravity. Facing and back to motion centrifugation tilted
the resultant of gravity and linear acceleration, gravito-inertial acceleration (GIA), inducing cross-coupled vertical components of eye
velocity. These components were upward when facing motion and downward
when back to motion and caused the axis of eye velocity to reorient
from alignment with the body yaw axis toward the tilted GIA. A major
finding was that horizontal time constants were asymmetric in each
monkey, generally being longer when associated with downward than
upward cross coupling. Because of these asymmetries, accurate estimates
of the contribution of the horizontal lVOR could not be obtained by
simply subtracting horizontal eye velocity profiles during facing and
back to motion centrifugation. Instead, it was necessary to consider
the effects of GIA tilts on velocity storage before attempting to
estimate the horizontal lVOR. In each monkey, the horizontal time
constant of optokinetic after-nystagmus (OKAN) was reduced as a
function of increasing head tilt with respect to gravity. When
variations in horizontal time constant as a function of GIA tilt were
included in the aVOR model, the rising and falling phases of horizontal
eye velocity during facing and back to motion centrifugation were
closely predicted, and the estimated contribution of the compensatory
lVOR was negligible. Beating fields of horizontal eye position were
unaffected by the presence or magnitude of linear acceleration during
centrifugation. These conclusions were evaluated in animals in which
the low-frequency aVOR was abolished by canal plugging, isolating the
contribution of the lVOR. Postoperatively, the animals had normal
ocular counterrolling and horizontal eye velocity modulation during
off-vertical axis rotation (OVAR), suggesting that the otoliths were
intact. No measurable horizontal eye velocity was elicited by
centrifugation with angular accelerations 
40°/s2 and
angular velocities 400°/s. We conclude that in rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys, differences between horizontal eye velocities recorded during facing and back to motion constant velocity
centrifugation can be explained by orienting effects of the GIA tilt on
the time constants of the horizontal aVOR and not by a superposed lVOR.
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