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The Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 81 No. 5 May 1999, pp. 2191-2214
Copyright ©1999 by the American Physiological Society
Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208
Dias, Elisa C. and
Mark A. Segraves.
Muscimol-Induced Inactivation of Monkey Frontal Eye Field:
Effects on Visually and Memory-Guided Saccades. J. Neurophysiol. 81: 2191-2214, 1999.
Muscimol-induced inactivation of the monkey frontal eye field: effects
on visually and memory-guided saccades. Although
neurophysiological, anatomic, and imaging evidence suggest that the
frontal eye field (FEF) participates in the generation of eye
movements, chronic lesions of the FEF in both humans and monkeys appear
to cause only minor deficits in visually guided saccade generation.
Stronger effects are observed when subjects are tested in tasks with
more cognitive requirements. We tested oculomotor function after
acutely inactivating regions of the FEF to minimize the
effects of plasticity and reallocation of function after the loss of
the FEF and gain more insight into the FEF contribution to the guidance
of eye movements in the intact brain. Inactivation was induced by
microinjecting muscimol directly into physiologically defined sites in
the FEF of three monkeys. FEF inactivation severely impaired the
monkeys' performance of both visually guided and memory-guided
saccades. The monkeys initiated fewer saccades to the retinotopic
representation of the inactivated FEF site than to any other location
in the visual field. The saccades that were initiated had longer
latencies, slower velocities, and larger targeting errors than
controls. These effects were present both for visually guided and for
memory-guided saccades, although the memory-guided saccades were more
disrupted. Initially, the effects were restricted spatially,
concentrating around the retinotopic representation at the center of
the inactivated site, but, during the course of several hours, these
effects spread to flanking representations. Predictability of target
location and motivation of the monkey also affected saccadic
performance. For memory-guided saccades, increases in the time during
which the monkey had to remember the spatial location of a target
resulted in further decreases in the accuracy of the saccades and in
smaller peak velocities, suggesting a progressive loss of the capacity to maintain a representation of target location in relation to the
fovea after FEF inactivation. In addition, the monkeys frequently made
premature saccades to targets in the hemifield ipsilateral to the
injection site when performing the memory task, indicating a deficit in
the control of fixation that could be a consequence of an imbalance
between ipsilateral and contralateral FEF activity after the injection.
There was also a progressive loss of fixation accuracy, and the monkeys
tended to restrict spontaneous visual scanning to the ipsilateral
hemifield. These results emphasize the strong role of the FEF in the
intact monkey in the generation of all voluntary saccadic eye
movements, as well as in the control of fixation.
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