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The Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 82 No. 2 August 1999, pp. 570-583
Copyright ©1999 by the American Physiological Society
1Department of Neurology and 2The Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
Owens, David F.,
Xiaolin Liu, and
Arnold R. Kriegstein.
Changing Properties of GABAA Receptor-Mediated
Signaling During Early Neocortical Development. J. Neurophysiol. 82: 570-583, 1999. Evidence from several
brain regions suggests
-aminobutyric acid (GABA) can exert a trophic
influence during development, expanding the role of this amino acid
beyond its function as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Proliferating
precursor cells in the neocortical ventricular zone (VZ) express
functional GABAA receptors as do immature postmigratory
neurons in the developing cortical plate (CP); however,
GABAA receptor properties in these distinct cell
populations have not been compared. Using electrophysiological techniques in embryonic and early postnatal neocortex, we find that
GABAA receptors expressed by VZ cells have a higher
apparent affinity for GABA and are relatively insensitive to receptor
desensitization compared with neurons in the CP. GABA-induced current
magnitude increases with maturation with the smallest responses found
in recordings from precursor cells in the VZ. No evidence was found that GABAA receptors on VZ cells are activated
synaptically, consistent with previous data suggesting that these
receptors are activated in a paracrine fashion by nonsynaptically
released ligand. After neurons are born and migrate to the CP, they
begin to demonstrate spontaneous synaptic activity, the majority of
which is GABAA mediated. These spontaneous
GABAA postsynaptic currents (sPSCs) first were detected at
embryonic day 18 (E18). At birth, ~50% of recordings from cortical
neurons demonstrated GABAA-mediated sPSCs, and this value
increased with age. GABAA-mediated sPSCs were action
potential dependent and arose from local GABAergic interneurons. GABA
application could evoke action potential-dependent PSCs in neonatal
cortical neurons, suggesting that during the first few postnatal days,
GABA can act as an excitatory neurotransmitter. Finally,
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)- but not
non-NMDA-mediated sPSCs were also present in early postnatal neurons.
These events were not observed in cells voltage clamped at negative
holding potentials (
60 to
70 mV) but were evident when the holding
potential was set at positive values (+30 to +60 mV). Together these
results provide evidence for the early maturation of GABAergic
communication in the neocortex and a functional change in
GABAA-receptor properties between precursor cells and early
postmitotic neurons. The change in GABAA-receptor
properties may reflect the shift from paracrine to synaptic receptor activation.
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