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The Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 82 No. 3 September 1999, pp. 1254-1270
Copyright ©1999 by the American Physiological Society
Departments of 1Otolaryngology
Head and
Neck Surgery, 2Biomedical Engineering, and
3Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, Maryland 21287-0910
Minor, Lloyd B.,
David M. Lasker,
Douglas D. Backous, and
Timothy E. Hullar.
Horizontal Vestibuloocular Reflex Evoked by High-Acceleration
Rotations in the Squirrel Monkey. I. Normal Responses. J. Neurophysiol. 82: 1254-1270, 1999. The horizontal
angular vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) evoked by high-frequency,
high-acceleration rotations was studied in five squirrel monkeys with
intact vestibular function. The VOR evoked by steps of acceleration in
darkness (3,000°/s2 reaching a velocity of 150°/s)
began after a latency of 7.3 ± 1.5 ms (mean ± SD).
Gain of the reflex during the acceleration was 14.2 ± 5.2%
greater than that measured once the plateau head velocity had been
reached. A polynomial regression was used to analyze the trajectory of
the responses to steps of acceleration. A better representation of the
data was obtained from a polynomial that included a cubic term in
contrast to an exclusively linear fit. For sinusoidal rotations of
0.5-15 Hz with a peak velocity of 20°/s, the VOR gain measured
0.83 ± 0.06 and did not vary across frequencies or animals. The
phase of these responses was close to compensatory except at 15 Hz
where a lag of 5.0 ± 0.9° was noted. The VOR gain did not vary
with head velocity at 0.5 Hz but increased with velocity for rotations
at frequencies of 
4 Hz (0.85 ± 0.04 at 4 Hz, 20°/s; 1.01 ± 0.05 at 100°/s, P < 0.0001). No responses to
these rotations were noted in two animals that had undergone bilateral
labyrinthectomy indicating that inertia of the eye had a negligible
effect for these stimuli. We developed a mathematical model of VOR
dynamics to account for these findings. The inputs to the reflex come
from linear and nonlinear pathways. The linear pathway is responsible
for the constant gain across frequencies at peak head velocity of
20°/s and also for the phase lag at higher frequencies being less
than that expected based on the reflex delay. The frequency- and
velocity-dependent nonlinearity in VOR gain is accounted for by the
dynamics of the nonlinear pathway. A transfer function that increases
the gain of this pathway with frequency and a term related to the third
power of head velocity are used to represent the dynamics of this
pathway. This model accounts for the experimental findings and provides
a method for interpreting responses to these stimuli after vestibular lesions.
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