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The Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 82 No. 5 November 1999, pp. 2310-2326
Copyright ©1999 by the American Physiological Society
McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada
Gribble, Paul L. and
David J. Ostry.
Compensation for Interaction Torques During Single- and
Multijoint Limb Movement. J. Neurophysiol. 82: 2310-2326, 1999. During multijoint limb movements such as reaching,
rotational forces arise at one joint due to the motions of limb
segments about other joints. We report the results of three experiments in which we assessed the extent to which control signals to muscles are
adjusted to counteract these "interaction torques." Human subjects
performed single- and multijoint pointing movements involving shoulder
and elbow motion, and movement parameters related to the magnitude and
direction of interaction torques were manipulated systematically. We
examined electromyographic (EMG) activity of shoulder and elbow muscles
and, specifically, the relationship between EMG activity and joint
interaction torque. A first set of experiments examined single-joint
movements. During both single-joint elbow (experiment
1) and shoulder (experiment 2) movements,
phasic EMG activity was observed in muscles spanning the stationary
joint (shoulder muscles in experiment 1 and elbow
muscles in experiment 2). This muscle activity preceded
movement and varied in amplitude with the magnitude of upcoming
interaction torque (the load resulting from motion of the nonstationary
limb segment). In a third experiment, subjects performed multijoint
movements involving simultaneous motion at the shoulder and elbow.
Movement amplitude and velocity at one joint were held constant, while
the direction of movement about the other joint was varied. When the
direction of elbow motion was varied (flexion vs. extension) and
shoulder kinematics were held constant, EMG activity in shoulder
muscles varied depending on the direction of elbow motion (and hence
the sign of the interaction torque arising at the shoulder). Similarly,
EMG activity in elbow muscles varied depending on the direction of
shoulder motion for movements in which elbow kinematics were held
constant. The results from all three experiments support the idea that
central control signals to muscles are adjusted, in a predictive
manner, to compensate for interaction torques
loads arising at one
joint that depend on motion about other joints.
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