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The Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 82 No. 5 November 1999, pp. 2545-2555
Copyright ©1999 by the American Physiological Society
1Dynamic Brain Imaging Laboratory,
Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of
Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461; 2Nuclear
Magnetic Resonance Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown,
Massachusetts 02129; 3Department of Radiology,
Ahlfors, S. P.,
G. V. Simpson,
A. M. Dale,
J.
W. Belliveau,
A. K. Liu,
A. Korvenoja,
J. Virtanen,
M. Huotilainen,
R.B.H. Tootell,
H. J. Aronen, and
R. J. Ilmoniemi.
Spatiotemporal Activity of a Cortical Network for Processing
Visual Motion Revealed by MEG and fMRI. J. Neurophysiol. 82: 2545-2555, 1999. A sudden change in the
direction of motion is a particularly salient and relevant feature of
visual information. Extensive research has identified cortical areas
responsive to visual motion and characterized their sensitivity to
different features of motion, such as directional specificity. However,
relatively little is known about responses to sudden changes in
direction. Electrophysiological data from animals and functional
imaging data from humans suggest a number of brain areas responsive to
motion, presumably working as a network. Temporal patterns of activity
allow the same network to process information in different ways. The
present study in humans sought to determine which motion-sensitive
areas are involved in processing changes in the direction of motion and
to characterize the temporal patterns of processing within this network
of brain regions. To accomplish this, we used both
magnetoencephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging
(fMRI). The fMRI data were used as supplementary information in the
localization of MEG sources. The change in the direction of visual
motion was found to activate a number of areas, each displaying a
different temporal behavior. The fMRI revealed motion-related activity
in areas MT+ (the human homologue of monkey middle temporal area and
possibly also other motion sensitive areas next to MT), a region near
the posterior end of the superior temporal sulcus (pSTS), V3A, and
V1/V2. The MEG data suggested additional frontal sources. An equivalent
dipole model for the generators of MEG signals indicated activity in
MT+, starting at 130 ms and peaking at 170 ms after the reversal of the
direction of motion, and then again at ~260 ms. Frontal activity
began 0-20 ms later than in MT+, and peaked ~180 ms. Both pSTS and
FEF+ showed long-duration activity continuing over the latency range of
200-400 ms. MEG responses in the region of V3A and V1/V2 were
relatively small, and peaked at longer latencies than the initial peak
in MT+. These data revealed characteristic patterns of activity in this
cortical network for processing sudden changes in the direction of
visual motion.
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