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The Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 83 No. 1 January 2000, pp. 166-176
Copyright ©2000 by the American Physiological Society
Department of Neurology/Clinical Neurophysiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Bour, L. J.,
M. Aramideh, and
B. W. Ongerboer De Visser.
Neurophysiological Aspects of Eye and Eyelid Movements During
Blinking in Humans. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 166-176, 2000. The neural relationships between eyelid movements
and eye movements during spontaneous, voluntary, and reflex blinking in a group of healthy subjects were examined. Electromyographic (EMG) recording of the orbicularis oculi (OO) muscles was performed using
surface electrodes. Concurrently, horizontal and vertical eye positions
were recorded by means of the double magnetic induction (DMI) ring
method. In addition, movement of the upper eyelid was measured by a
specially designed search coil, placed on the upper eyelid. The reflex
blink was elicited electrically by supraorbital nerve stimulation
either on the right or the left side. It is found that disconjugate
oblique eye movements accompany spontaneous, voluntary as well as
reflex blinking. Depending on the gaze position before blinking, the
amplitude of horizontal and vertical components of the eye movement
during blinking varies in a systematic way. With adduction and downward
gaze the amplitude is minimal. With abduction the horizontal amplitude
increases, whereas with upward gaze the vertical amplitude increases.
Unilateral electrical supraorbital nerve stimulation at low currents
elicits eye movements with a bilateral late component. At stimulus
intensities approximately two to three times above the threshold, the
early ipsilateral blink reflex response (R1) in the OO
muscle can be observed together with an early ipsilateral eye movement
component at a latency of ~15 ms. In addition, during the electrical
blink reflex, early ipsilateral and late bilateral components can also
be identified in the upper eyelid movement. In contrast to the late
bilateral component of upper eyelid movement, the early ipsilateral
component of upper eyelid movement appears to open the eye to a greater degree. This early ipsilateral component of upper eyelid movement occurs more or less simultaneously with the early eye movement component. It is suggested that both early ipsilateral movements following electrical stimulation do not have a central neural origin.
Late components of the eye movements slightly precede the late
components of the eyelid movement. Synchrony between late components of
eyelid movements and eye movements as well as similarity of oblique eye
movement components in different types of blinking suggest the
existence of a premotor neural structure acting as a generator that
coordinates impulses to different subnuclei of the oculomotor nucleus
as well as the facial nerve nucleus during blinking independent from
the ocular saccadic and/or vergence system. The profile and direction
of the eye movement rotation during blinking gives support to the idea
that it may be secondary to eyeball retraction; an extra cocontraction
of the inferior and superior rectus muscle would be sufficient to
explain both eye retraction and rotation in the horizontal vertical and
torsional planes.
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