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The Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 83 No. 1 January 2000, pp. 260-279
Copyright ©2000 by the American Physiological Society
Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Fishberg Research Center for Neurobiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
Brezina, Vladimir,
Irina V. Orekhova, and
Klaudiusz R. Weiss.
Optimization of Rhythmic Behaviors by Modulation of the
Neuromuscular Transform. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 260-279, 2000. We conclude our study of the properties and the
functional role of the neuromuscular transform (NMT). The NMT is an
input-output relation that formalizes the processes by which patterns
of motor neuron firing are transformed to muscle contractions. Because the NMT acts as a dynamic, nonlinear, and modifiable filter, the transformation is complex. In the two preceding papers we developed a
framework for analysis of the NMT and identified with it principles by
which the NMT transforms different firing patterns to contractions. We
then saw that, with fixed properties, the NMT significantly constrains
the production of functional behavior. Many desirable behaviors are not
possible with any firing pattern. Here we examine, theoretically as
well as experimentally in the accessory radula closer (ARC)
neuromuscular system of Aplysia, how this constraint is
alleviated by making the properties of the NMT variable by neuromuscular plasticity and modulation. These processes dynamically tune the properties of the NMT to match the desired behavior, expanding
the range of behaviors that can be produced. For specific illustration,
we continue to focus on the relation between the speed of the NMT and
the speed of cyclical, rhythmic behavior. Our analytic framework
emphasizes the functional distinction between intrinsic plasticity or
modulation of the NMT, dependent, like the contraction itself, on the
motor neuron firing pattern, and extrinsic modulation, independent of
it. The former is well suited to automatically optimizing the
performance of a single behavior; the latter, to multiplying
contraction shapes for multiple behaviors. In any case, to alleviate
the constraint of the NMT, the plasticity and modulation must be
peripheral. Such processes are likely to play a critical
role wherever the nervous system must command, through the constraint
of the NMT, a broad range of functional behaviors.
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