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The Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 83 No. 4 April 2000, pp. 1864-1876
Copyright ©2000 by the American Physiological Society
Institute of Physiology and Program in Neuroscience, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
Tremblay, Léon and
Wolfram Schultz.
Reward-Related Neuronal Activity During Go-Nogo Task Performance
in Primate Orbitofrontal Cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 1864-1876, 2000. The orbitofrontal cortex appears
to be involved in the control of voluntary, goal-directed behavior by
motivational outcomes. This study investigated how orbitofrontal
neurons process information about rewards in a task that depends on
intact orbitofrontal functions. In a delayed go-nogo task, animals
executed or withheld a reaching movement and obtained liquid or a
conditioned sound as reinforcement. An initial instruction picture
indicated the behavioral reaction to be performed (movement vs.
nonmovement) and the reinforcer to be obtained (liquid vs. sound) after
a subsequent trigger stimulus. We found task-related activations in 188 of 505 neurons in rostral orbitofrontal area 13, entire area 11, and
lateral area 14. The principal task-related activations consisted of
responses to instructions, activations preceding reinforcers, or
responses to reinforcers. Most activations reflected the reinforcing
event rather than other task components. Instruction responses occurred
either in liquid- or sound-reinforced trials but rarely distinguished
between movement and nonmovement reactions. These instruction responses
reflected the predicted motivational outcome rather than the behavioral reaction necessary for obtaining that outcome. Activations preceding the reinforcer began slowly and terminated immediately after the reinforcer, even when the reinforcer occurred earlier or later than
usually. These activations preceded usually the liquid reward but
rarely the conditioned auditory reinforcer. The activations also
preceded expected drops of liquid delivered outside the task, suggesting a primary appetitive rather than a task-reinforcing relationship that apparently was related to the expectation of reward.
Responses after the reinforcer occurred in liquid- but rarely in
sound-reinforced trials. Reward-preceding activations and reward
responses were unrelated temporally to licking movements. Several
neurons showed reward responses outside the task but instruction responses during the task, indicating a response transfer from primary
reward to the reward-predicting instruction, possibly reflecting the
temporal unpredictability of reward. In conclusion, orbitofrontal
neurons report stimuli associated with reinforcers are concerned with
the expectation of reward and detect reward delivery at trial end.
These activities may contribute to the processing of reward information
for the motivational control of goal-directed behavior.
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