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The Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 83 No. 4 April 2000, pp. 2374-2391
Copyright ©2000 by the American Physiological Society
1Dipartimento di Fisiologia Umana e Farmacologia, Università di Roma `la Sapienza,' 00185 Rome; 2Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome; and 3Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università di Roma `Tor Vergata,' 00133 Rome, Italy
Battaglia-Mayer, Alexandra,
Stefano Ferraina,
Takashi Mitsuda,
Barbara Marconi,
Aldo Genovesio,
Paolo Onorati,
Francesco Lacquaniti, and
Roberto Caminiti.
Early Coding of Reaching in the Parietooccipital Cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 2374-2391, 2000. Neural activity was recorded in the parietooccipital cortex while
monkeys performed different tasks aimed at investigating visuomotor
interactions of retinal, eye, and arm-related signals on neural
activity. The tasks were arm reaching 1) to foveated targets; 2) to extrafoveal targets, with constant eye
position; 3) within an instructed-delayed paradigm,
under both light and darkness; 4) saccadic eye movements
toward, and static eye holding on peripheral targets; and
5) visual fixation and stimulation. The activity of many
cells was modulated during arm reaction (68%) and movement time
(58%), and during static holding of the arm in space (64%), when eye
position was kept constant. Eye position influenced the activity of
many cells during hand reaction (45%) and movement time (51%) and
holding of hand static position (69%). Many cells (56%) were also
modulated during preparation for hand movement, in the delayed reach
task. Modulation was present also in the dark in 59% of cells during
this epoch, 51% during reaction and movement time, and 48% during
eye/hand holding on the target. Cells (50%) displaying light-dark
differences of activity were considered as related to the sight and
monitoring of hand motion and/or position in the visual field. Saccadic
eye movements modulated a smaller percentage (25%) of cells than eye
position (68%). Visual receptive fields were mapped in 44% of the
cells studied. They were generally large and extended to the periphery
of the tested (30°) visual field. Sixty-six percent of cells were
motion sensitive. Therefore the activity of many neurons in this area
reflects the combined influence of visual, eye, and arm
movement-related signals. For most neurons, the orientation of the
preferred directions computed across different epochs and tasks,
therefore expression of all different eye- and hand-related activity
types, clustered within a limited sector of space, the field of
global tuning. These spatial fields might be an ideal frame to
combine eye and hand signals, thanks to the congruence of their tuning
properties. The relationships between cell activity and oculomotor and
visuomanual behavior were task dependent. During saccades, most cells
were recruited when the eye moved to a spatial location that was also target for hand movement, whereas during hand movement most cells fired
depending on whether or not the animal had prior knowledge about the
location of the visual targets.
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