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The Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 83 No. 5 May 2000, pp. 3101-3112
Copyright ©2000 by the American Physiological Society
Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen Centre for Hearing Research, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
Knipper, Marlies,
Christoph Zinn,
Hannes Maier,
Mark Praetorius,
Karin Rohbock,
Iris Köpschall, and
Ulrike Zimmermann.
Thyroid Hormone Deficiency Before the Onset of Hearing Causes
Irreversible Damage to Peripheral and Central Auditory Systems. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 3101-3112, 2000. Both a genetic or acquired neonatal thyroid hormone (TH)
deficiency may result in a profound mental disability that is often accompanied by deafness. The existence of various TH-sensitive periods
during inner ear development and general success of delayed, corrective
TH treatment was investigated by treating pregnant and lactating rats
with the goitrogen methimazole (MMI). We observed that for the
establishment of normal hearing ability, maternal TH, before fetal
thyroid gland function on estrus days 17-18, is
obviously not required. Within a crucial time between the onset of
fetal thyroid gland function and the onset of hearing at
postnatal day 12 (P12), any postponement
in the rise of TH-plasma levels, as can be brought about by treating
lactating mothers with MMI, leads to permanent hearing defects of the
adult offspring. The severity of hearing defects that were measured in
3- to 9-mo-old offspring could be increased with each additional day of
TH deficiency during this critical period. Unexpectedly, the active
cochlear process, assayed by distortion product otoacoustic emissions
(DPOAE) measurements, and speed of auditory brain stem responses, which both until now were not thought to be controlled by TH, proved to be
TH-dependent processes that were damaged by a delay of TH supply within
this critical time. In contrast, no significant differences in the
gross morphology and innervation of the organ of Corti or myelin gene
expression in the auditory system, detected as myelin basic protein
(MBP) and proteolipid protein (PLP) mRNA using Northern blot approach,
were observed when TH supply was delayed for few days. These classical
TH-dependent processes, however, were damaged when TH supply was
delayed for several weeks. These surprising results may suggest the
existence of different TH-dependent processes in the auditory system:
those that respond to corrective TH supply (e.g., innervation and
morphogenesis of the organ of Corti) and those that do not, but require
T3 activity during a very tight time window (e.g., active cochlear
process, central processes).
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