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The Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 83 No. 6 June 2000, pp. 3411-3429
Copyright ©2000 by the American Physiological Society
1Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Nijmegen, NL-6525 EZ Nijmegen; and 2Departments of Physiology and Anatomy, Erasmus University Rotterdam, NL-3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Goossens, H.H.L.M. and
A. J. Van
Opstal.
Blink-Perturbed Saccades in Monkey. I. Behavioral Analysis. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 3411-3429, 2000. Saccadic eye movements are thought to be influenced by blinking through
premotor interactions, but it is still unclear how. The present paper
describes the properties of blink-associated eye movements and
quantifies the effect of reflex blinks on the latencies, metrics, and
kinematics of saccades in the monkey. In particular, it is examined to
what extent the saccadic system accounts for blink-related
perturbations of the saccade trajectory. Trigeminal reflex blinks were
elicited near the onset of visually evoked saccades by means of air
puffs directed on the eye. Reflex blinks were also evoked during a
straight-ahead fixation task. Eye and eyelid movements were measured
with the magnetic-induction technique. The data show that saccade
latencies were reduced substantially when reflex blinks were evoked
prior to the impending visual saccades as if these saccades were
triggered by the blink. The evoked blinks also caused profound
spatial-temporal perturbations of the saccades. Deflections of the
saccade trajectory, usually upward, extended up to ~15°. Saccade
peak velocities were reduced, and a two- to threefold increase in
saccade duration was typically observed. In general, these
perturbations were largely compensated in saccade mid-flight, despite
the absence of visual feedback, yielding near-normal endpoint
accuracies. Further analysis revealed that blink-perturbed saccades
could not be described as a linear superposition of a pure
blink-associated eye movement and an unperturbed saccade. When evoked
during straight-ahead fixation, blinks were accompanied by initially
upward and slightly abducting eye rotations of ~2-15°. Back and
forth wiggles of the eye were frequently seen; but in many cases the
return movement was incomplete. Rather than drifting back to its
starting position, the eye then maintained its eccentric orbital
position until a downward corrective saccade toward the fixation spot
followed. Blink-associated eye movements were quite rapid, albeit
slower than saccades, and the velocity-amplitude-duration characteristics of the initial excursions as well as the return movements were approximately linear. These data strongly support the
idea that blinks interfere with the saccade premotor circuit, presumably upstream from the neural eye-position integrator. They also
indicated that a neural mechanism, rather than passive elastic restoring forces within the oculomotor plant, underlies the
compensatory behavior. The tight latency coupling between saccades and
blinks is consistent with an inhibition of omnipause neurons by the
blink system, suggesting that the observed changes in saccade
kinematics arise elsewhere in the saccadic premotor system.
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