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The Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 84 No. 1 July 2000, pp. 376-389
Copyright ©2000 by the American Physiological Society
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Collewijn, Han and
Jeroen B. J. Smeets.
Early Components of the Human Vestibulo-Ocular Response to Head
Rotation: Latency and Gain. J. Neurophysiol. 84: 376-389, 2000. To characterize vestibulo-ocular
reflex (VOR) properties in the time window in which contributions by
other systems are minimal, eye movements during the first 50-100 ms
after the start of transient angular head accelerations
(~1000°/s2) imposed by a torque helmet were analyzed in
normal human subjects. Orientations of the head and both eyes were
recorded with magnetic search coils (resolution, ~1 min arc; 1000 samples/s). Typically, the first response to a head perturbation was an
anti-compensatory eye movement with zero latency, peak-velocity of
several degrees per second, and peak excursion of several tenths of a
degree. This was interpreted as a passive mechanical response to linear acceleration of the orbital tissues caused by eccentric rotation of the
eye. The response was modeled as a damped oscillation (~13 Hz) of the
orbital contents, approaching a constant eye deviation for a sustained
linear acceleration. The subsequent compensatory eye movements showed
(like the head movements) a linear increase in velocity, which allowed
estimates of latency and gain with linear regressions. After
appropriate accounting for the preceding passive eye movements, average
VOR latency (for pooled eyes, directions, and subjects) was calculated
as 8.6 ms. Paired comparisons between the two eyes revealed that the
latency for the eye contralateral to the direction of head rotation
was, on average, 1.3 ms shorter than for the ipsilateral eye. This
highly significant average inter-ocular difference was attributed to
the additional internuclear abducens neuron in the pathway to the
ipsilateral eye. Average acceleration gain (ratio between slopes of eye
and head velocities) over the first 40-50 ms was ~1.1. Instantaneous
velocity gain, calculated as
Veyet/Vheadt
latency,
showed a gradual build-up converging toward unity (often after a slight overshoot). Instantaneous acceleration gain also converged toward unity
but showed a much steeper build-up and larger oscillations. This
behavior of acceleration and velocity gain could be accounted for by
modeling the eye movements as the sum of the passive response to the
linear acceleration and the active rotational VOR. Due to the latency
and the anticompensatory component, gaze stabilization was never
complete. The influence of visual targets was limited. The initial VOR
was identical with a distant target (continuously visible or
interrupted) and in complete darkness. A near visual target caused VOR
gain to rise to a higher level, but the time after which the difference
between far and near targets emerged varied between individuals.
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