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The Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 84 No. 2 August 2000, pp. 986-1005
Copyright ©2000 by the American Physiological Society
Centre de recherche en sciences neurologiques, Département de Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
Crammond, Donald J. and
John F. Kalaska.
Prior Information in Motor and Premotor Cortex: Activity During
the Delay Period and Effect on Pre-Movement Activity. J. Neurophysiol. 84: 986-1005, 2000. In
instructed-delay (ID) tasks, instructional cues provide prior
information about the nature of a movement to execute after a delay.
Neuronal responses in dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) during the
instructed-delay period (IDP) between the CUE and subsequent GO signals
are presumed to reflect early planning stages initiated by the prior
information. In contrast, in multiple-choice reaction-time (RT) tasks,
all motor planning and execution processes must occur after the GO
signal. These assumptions predict that neuronal planning correlates
recorded during the IDP of ID trials should share common features with
early post-GO activity in RT trials, and that those response components
need not be recapitulated after the GO signal of ID trials. These two
predictions were tested by comparing activity recorded in RT and ID
tasks from 503 neurons in PMd and caudal (MIc) and rostral (MIr)
primary motor cortex. The incidence and strength of directionally tuned
IDP activity declined progressively from PMd to MIc. The directional
tuning of activity during the IDP of ID trials was more similar to that
in the reaction-time epoch (RTE) of RT trials than after movement
onset, especially in PMd. A modulation of post-GO activity was often
observed between RT and ID trials and was confined mainly to the RTE.
This effect was also most prominent in PMd. The most common change was
a reduction in intensity of short-latency phasic responses to the GO
signal between RT and ID trials, especially in PMd cells with a
short-latency phasic response to CUE signals. However, the largest
group of cells in each area showed no large change in peak RTE activity between RT and ID trials, whether they were active in the IDP or not.
Since early phasic CUE-related responses are least likely to be
recapitulated after the GO signal in ID trials, they may be a neuronal
correlate of an early planning stage such as response selection. Tonic
IDP responses, which are not as strongly associated with a post-GO
reduction in activity, may be related to other aspects of motor
planning and preparation. Finally, a major component of the
movement-related activity in both MI and PMd is not susceptible to
modification by prior information and is indivisibly coupled temporally
to movement execution.
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