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The Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 85 No. 1 January 2001, pp. 134-145
Copyright ©2001 by the American Physiological Society
Cerveau et Vision, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U371, 69675 Bron Cedex, France
Hupé, Jean-Michel,
Andrew
C. James,
Pascal Girard,
Stephen G. Lomber,
Bertram R. Payne, and
Jean Bullier.
Feedback Connections Act on the Early Part of the Responses in
Monkey Visual Cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 85: 134-145, 2001. We previously showed that feedback connections
from MT play a role in figure/ground segmentation.
Figure/ground coding has been described at the V1 level in the late
part of the neuronal responses to visual stimuli, and it has been
suggested that these late modulations depend on feedback connections.
In the present work we tested whether it actually takes time for this
information to be fed back to lower order areas. We analyzed the
extracellular responses of 169 V1, V2, and V3 neurons that we recorded
in two anesthetized macaque monkeys. MT was inactivated by cooling. We studied the time course of the responses of the neurons that were significantly affected by the inactivation of MT to see whether the
effects were delayed relative to the onset of the response. We first
measured the time course of the feedback influences from MT on V1, V2,
and V3 neurons tested with moving stimuli. For the large majority of
the 51 neurons for which the response decreased, the effect was present
from the beginning of the response. In the responses averaged after
normalization, the decrease of response was significant in the first
10-ms bin of response. A similar result was found for six neurons for
which the response significantly increased when MT was inactivated. We
then looked at the time course of the responses to flashed stimuli (95 neurons). We observed 15 significant decreases of response and 14 significant increases. In both populations, the effects were
significant within the first 10 ms of response. For some neurons with
increased responses we even observed a shorter latency when MT was
inactivated. We measured the latency of the response to the flashed
stimuli. We found that even the earliest responding neurons were
affected early by the feedback from MT. This was true for the response
to flashed and to moving stimuli. These results show that feedback
connections are recruited very early for the treatment of visual
information. It further indicates that the presence or absence of
feedback effects cannot be deduced from the time course of the response modulations.
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