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The Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 85 No. 4 April 2001, pp. 1489-1497
Copyright ©2001 by the American Physiological Society
Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
Castro-Alamancos, Manuel A. and
Maria
E. Calcagnotto.
High-Pass Filtering of Corticothalamic Activity by
Neuromodulators Released in the Thalamus During Arousal: In Vitro and
In Vivo. J. Neurophysiol. 85: 1489-1497, 2001. The thalamus is the principal relay station of sensory information to
the neocortex. In return, the neocortex sends a massive feedback
projection back to the thalamus. The thalamus also receives neuromodulatory inputs from the brain stem reticular formation, which
is vigorously activated during arousal. We investigated the effects of
two neuromodulators, acetylcholine and norepinephrine, on
corticothalamic responses in vitro and in vivo. Results from rodent
slices in vitro showed that acetylcholine and norepinephrine depress
the efficacy of corticothalamic synapses while enhancing their
frequency-dependent facilitation. This produces a stronger depression
of low-frequency responses than of high-frequency responses. The
effects of acetylcholine and norepinephrine were mimicked by muscarinic
and 
2-adrenergic receptor agonists and blocked by muscarinic and -adrenergic antagonists, respectively. Stimulation of the brain stem reticular formation in vivo also strongly depressed corticothalamic responses. The suppression was very strong for low-frequency responses, which do not produce synaptic facilitation, but absent for high-frequency corticothalamic responses. As in vitro,
application of muscarinic and -adrenergic antagonists into the
thalamus in vivo abolished the suppression of corticothalamic responses
induced by stimulating the reticular formation. In conclusion, cholinergic and noradrenergic activation during arousal high-pass filters corticothalamic activity. Thus, during arousal only
high-frequency inputs from the neocortex are allowed to reach the
thalamus. Neuromodulators acting on corticothalamic synapses gate the
flow of cortical activity to the thalamus as dictated by behavioral state.
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