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The Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 85 No. 4 April 2001, pp. 1543-1551
Copyright ©2001 by the American Physiological Society
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7290
Bou-Flores, Céline and
Albert J. Berger.
Gap Junctions and Inhibitory Synapses Modulate Inspiratory
Motoneuron Synchronization. J. Neurophysiol. 85: 1543-1551, 2001. Interneuronal electrical coupling via gap
junctions and chemical synaptic inhibitory transmission are known to
have roles in the generation and synchronization of activity in
neuronal networks. Uncertainty exists regarding the roles of these two modes of interneuronal communication in the central respiratory rhythm-generating system. To assess their roles, we performed studies
on both the neonatal mouse medullary slice and en bloc brain
stem-spinal cord preparations where rhythmic inspiratory motor activity
can readily be recorded from both hypoglossal and phrenic nerve roots.
The rhythmic inspiratory activity observed had two temporal
characteristics: the basic respiratory frequency occurring on a long
time scale and the synchronous neuronal discharge within the
inspiratory burst occurring on a short time scale. In both
preparations, we observed that bath application of gap-junction blockers, including 18
-glycyrrhetinic acid, 18
-glycyrrhetinic acid, and carbenoxolone, all caused a reduction in respiratory frequency. In contrast, peak integrated phrenic and hypoglossal inspiratory activity was not significantly changed by gap-junction blockade. On a short-time-scale, gap-junction blockade increased the
degree of synchronization within an inspiratory burst observed in both
nerves. In contrast, opposite results were observed with blockade of
GABAA and glycine receptors. We found that
respiratory frequency increased with receptor blockade, and
simultaneous blockade of both receptors consistently resulted in
a reduction in short-time-scale synchronized activity observed in
phrenic and hypoglossal inspiratory bursts. These results support the
concept that the central respiratory system has two components: a
rhythm generator responsible for the production of respiratory cycle
timing and an inspiratory pattern generator that is involved in
short-time-scale synchronization. In the neonatal rodent, properties of
both components can be regulated by interneuronal communication via gap
junctions and inhibitory synaptic transmission.
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