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The Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 85 No. 5 May 2001, pp. 2008-2016
Copyright ©2001 by the American Physiological Society
1Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 194223, Russia; and 2Veterans Administration Medical Center Sepulveda and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine, North Hills, California 91343
Kiyashchenko, Lyudmila I.,
Boris Y. Mileykovskiy,
Yuan-Y. Lai, and
Jerome M. Siegel.
Increased and Decreased Muscle Tone With Orexin (Hypocretin)
Microinjections in the Locus Coeruleus and Pontine Inhibitory Area. J. Neurophysiol. 85: 2008-2016, 2001. Orexin-A (OX-A) and orexin-B (OX-B) (hypocretin 1 and
hypocretin 2) are synthesized in neurons of the perifornical,
dorsomedial, lateral, and posterior hypothalamus. The locus coeruleus
(LC) receives the densest extrahypothalamic projections of the orexin (OX) system. Recent evidence suggests that descending projections of
the LC have a facilitatory role in the regulation of muscle tone. The
pontine inhibitory area (PIA), located ventral to LC, receives a
moderate OX projection and participates in the suppression of muscle
tone in rapid-eye-movement sleep. We have examined the role of OX-A and
-B in muscle-tone control using microinjections (0.1 µM to 1 mM, 0.2 µl) into the LC and PIA in decerebrate rats. OX-A and -B
microinjections into the LC produced ipsi- or bilateral hindlimb
muscle-tone facilitation. The activity of LC units was correlated with
the extent of hindlimb muscle-tone facilitation after OX
microinjections (100 µM, 1 µl) into fourth ventricle. Microinjections of OX-A and -B into the PIA produced muscle-tone inhibition. We did not observe any significant difference in the effect
of OX-A and -B on muscle tone at either site. Our data suggest that OX
release activates LC units and increases noradrenergic tonus in the
CNS. Moreover, OX-A and -B may also regulate the activity of pontine
cholinoceptive and cholinergic neurons participating in muscle-tone
suppression. Loss of OX function may therefore disturb both
facilitatory and inhibitory motor processes.
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