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The Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 86 No. 1 July 2001, pp. 197-210
Copyright ©2001 by the American Physiological Society
Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Montreal General Hospital Research Institute; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery and Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
Buss, Robert R. and
Pierre Drapeau.
Synaptic Drive to Motoneurons During Fictive Swimming in the
Developing Zebrafish. J. Neurophysiol. 86: 197-210, 2001. The development of swimming behavior and
the correlated activity patterns recorded in motoneurons during fictive
swimming in paralyzed zebrafish larvae were examined and compared.
Larvae were studied from when they hatch (after 2 days) and are first capable of locomotion to when they are active swimmers capable of
capturing prey (after 4 days). High-speed (500 Hz) video imaging was
used to make a basic behavioral characterization of swimming. At
hatching and up to day 3, the larvae swam infrequently and in an
undirected fashion. They displayed sustained bursts of contractions (`burst swimming') at an average frequency of 60-70 Hz that lasted from several seconds to a minute in duration. By day 4 the swimming had
matured to a more frequent and less erratic "beat-and-glide" mode,
with slower (~35 Hz) beats of contractions for ~200 ms alternating with glides that were twice as long, lasting from just a few cycles to
several minutes overall. In whole cell current-clamp recordings, motoneurons displayed similar excitatory synaptic activity and firing
patterns, corresponding to either fictive burst swimming (day 2-3) or
beat-and-glide swimming (day 4). The resting potentials were similar at
all stages (about 
70 mV) and the motoneurons were depolarized (to
about 40 mV) with generally non-overshooting action potentials during
fictive swimming. The frequency of sustained inputs during fictive
burst swimming and of repetitive inputs during fictive beat-and glide
swimming corresponded to the behavioral contraction patterns. Fictive
swimming activity patterns were eliminated by application of glutamate
antagonists (kynurenic acid or 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxalene-2,3-dione and
DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid) and were modified but
maintained in the presence of the glycinergic antagonist strychnine.
The corresponding synaptic currents underlying the synaptic drive to
motoneurons during fictive swimming could be isolated under voltage
clamp and consisted of cationic [glutamatergic postsynaptic currents
(PSCs)] and anionic inputs (glycinergic PSCs). Either sustained or
interrupted patterns of PSCs were observed during fictive burst or
beat-and-glide swimming, respectively. During beat-and-glide swimming,
a tonic inward current and rhythmic glutamatergic PSCs (~35 Hz) were
observed. In contrast, bursts of glycinergic PSCs occurred at a higher
frequency, resulting in a more tonic pattern with little evidence for
synchronized activity. We conclude that a rhythmic glutamatergic
synaptic drive underlies swimming and that a tonic, shunting
glycinergic input acts to more closely match the membrane time constant
to the fast synaptic drive.
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