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The Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 86 No. 1 July 2001, pp. 290-303
Copyright ©2001 by the American Physiological Society
1Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; 2Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195; and 3Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche e della Visione, Sezione di Fisiologia, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
Jagadeesh, Bharathi,
Leonardo Chelazzi,
Mortimer Mishkin, and
Robert Desimone.
Learning Increases Stimulus Salience in Anterior Inferior
Temporal Cortex of the Macaque. J. Neurophysiol. 86: 290-303, 2001. With experience, an object can become
behaviorally relevant and thereby quickly attract our interest when
presented in a visual scene. A likely site of these learning effects is
anterior inferior temporal (aIT) cortex, where neurons are thought to
participate in the filtering of irrelevant information out of complex
visual displays. We trained monkeys to saccade consistently to
one of two pictures in an array, in return for a reward. The array was constructed by pairing two stimuli, one of which elicited a good response from the cell when presented alone ("good" stimulus) and
the other of which elicited a poor response ("poor" stimulus). The
activity of aIT cells was recorded while monkeys learned to saccade to
either the good or poor stimulus in the array. We found that neuronal
responses to the array were greater (before the saccade occurred) when
training reinforced a saccade to the good stimulus than when training
reinforced a saccade to the poor stimulus. This difference was not
present on incorrect trials, i.e., when saccades to the incorrect
stimulus were made. Thus the difference in activity was correlated with
performance. The response difference grew over the course of the
recording session, in parallel with the improvement in performance. The
response difference was not preceded by a difference in the baseline
activity of the cells, unlike what was found in studies of cued visual
search and working memory in aIT cortex. Furthermore, we found similar
effects in a version of the task in which any of 10 possible pairs of
stimuli, prelearned before the recording session, could appear on a
given trial, thereby precluding a working memory strategy. The results suggest that increasing the behavioral significance of a stimulus through training alters the neural representation of that stimulus in
aIT cortex. As a result, neurons responding to features of the relevant
stimulus may suppress neurons responding to features of irrelevant stimuli.
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