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The Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 86 No. 1 July 2001, pp. 368-380
Copyright ©2001 by the American Physiological Society
1Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham 02454; 2Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital; and 3Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
Caplan, Jeremy B.,
Joseph
R. Madsen,
Sridhar Raghavachari, and
Michael J. Kahana.
Distinct Patterns of Brain Oscillations Underlie Two Basic
Parameters of Human Maze Learning. J. Neurophysiol. 86: 368-380, 2001. We examine how oscillations in the
intracranial electroencephalogram (iEEG) relate to human maze learning.
Theta- band activity (4-12 Hz in rodents; 4-8 Hz in humans) plays a
significant role in memory function in rodents and in humans. Recording
intracranially in humans, we have reported task-related, theta-band
rhythmic activity in the raw trace during virtual maze learning and
during a nonspatial working memory task. Here we analyze oscillations during virtual maze learning across a much broader range of frequencies and analyze their relationship to two task variables relevant to
learning. We describe a new algorithm for detecting oscillatory episodes that takes advantage of the high signal-to-noise ratio and
high temporal resolution of the iEEG. Accounting for the background power spectrum of the iEEG, the algorithm allows us to directly compare
levels of oscillatory activity across frequencies within the 2- to
45-Hz band. We report that while episodes of oscillatory activity are
found at various frequencies, most of the rhythmic activity during
virtual maze learning occurs within the theta band. Theta oscillations
are more prevalent when the task is made more difficult (manipulation
of maze length). However, these oscillations do not tend to covary
significantly with decision time, a good index of encoding and
retrieval operations. In contrast, lower- and higher-frequency
oscillations do covary with this variable. These results suggest that
while human cortically recorded theta might play a role in encoding,
the overall levels of theta oscillations tell us little about the
immediate demands on encoding or retrieval. Finally, different patterns
of oscillations may reflect distinct underlying aspects of memory function.
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