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The Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 86 No. 4 October 2001, pp. 1717-1728
Copyright ©2001 by the American Physiological Society
1Medical Research Council Group in Sensory-Motor Neuroscience, 2Department of Physiology, and 3Department of Anatomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; and 4School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
Richmond, Frances J. R.,
Kan Singh, and
Brian D. Corneil.
Neck Muscles in the Rhesus Monkey. I. Muscle Morphometry and
Histochemistry. J. Neurophysiol. 86: 1717-1728, 2001. Morphometric methods were used to describe the
musculotendinous lengths, fascicle lengths, pennation angles, and
cross-sectional areas of neck muscles in adult Macaca
mulatta monkeys. Additionally, muscles were frozen, sectioned, and
stained for ATPase activity to determine fiber-type composition.
Individual rhesus muscles were found to vary widely in their degree of
similarity to feline and human muscles studied previously. Suboccipital
muscles and muscles supplied by the spinal accessory nerve were most
similar to human homologs, whereas most other muscles exhibited
architectural specializations. Many neck muscles were architecturally
complex, with multiple attachments and internal aponeuroses or
tendinous inscriptions that affected the determination of their
cross-sectional areas. All muscles were composed of a mixture of type
I, IIa, and IIb fiber types the relative proportions of which varied. Typically, head-turning muscles had lower proportions of type II (fast)
fibers than homologous feline muscles, whereas extensor muscles
contained higher proportions of type II fibers. The physical and
histochemical specializations described here are known to have a direct
bearing on functional properties, such as force-developing capacity and
fatigue-resistance. These specializations must be recognized if muscles
are to be modeled accurately or studied electrophysiologically.
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E. M. Klier, H. Wang, and J. D. Crawford Interstitial Nucleus of Cajal Encodes Three-Dimensional Head Orientations in Fick-Like Coordinates J Neurophysiol, January 1, 2007; 97(1): 604 - 617. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. D. Corneil, E. Olivier, F. J. R. Richmond, G. E. Loeb, and D. P. Munoz Neck Muscles in the Rhesus Monkey. II. Electromyographic Patterns of Activation Underlying Postures and Movements J Neurophysiol, October 1, 2001; 86(4): 1729 - 1749. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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