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The Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 86 No. 4 October 2001, pp. 2054-2068
Copyright ©2001 by the American Physiological Society
1Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6196; 2Department of Physiology, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom; 3Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, Palo Alto 94034; and 4Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-2130
Backus, Benjamin T.,
David J. Fleet,
Andrew J. Parker, and
David J. Heeger.
Human Cortical Activity Correlates With Stereoscopic Depth
Perception. J. Neurophysiol. 86: 2054-2068, 2001. Stereoscopic depth perception is based on binocular
disparities. Although neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) are
selective for binocular disparity, their responses do not explicitly
code perceived depth. The stereoscopic pathway must therefore
include additional processing beyond V1. We used functional magnetic
resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine stereo processing in V1 and other
areas of visual cortex. We created stereoscopic stimuli that portrayed two planes of dots in depth, placed symmetrically about the plane of
fixation, or else asymmetrically with both planes either nearer or
farther than fixation. The interplane disparity was varied parametrically to determine the stereoacuity threshold (the smallest detectable disparity) and the upper depth limit (largest detectable disparity). fMRI was then used to quantify cortical activity across the
entire range of detectable interplane disparities. Measured cortical
activity covaried with psychophysical measures of stereoscopic depth
perception. Activity increased as the interplane disparity increased
above the stereoacuity threshold and dropped as interplane disparity
approached the upper depth limit. From the fMRI data and an assumption
that V1 encodes absolute retinal disparity, we predicted that the mean
response of V1 neurons should be a bimodal function of disparity. A
post hoc analysis of electrophysiological recordings of single neurons
in macaques revealed that, although the average firing rate was a
bimodal function of disparity (as predicted), the precise shape of the
function cannot fully explain the fMRI data. Although there was
widespread activity within the extrastriate cortex (consistent with
electrophysiological recordings of single neurons), area V3A showed
remarkable sensitivity to stereoscopic stimuli, suggesting that neurons
in V3A may play a special role in the stereo pathway.
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