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The Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 86 No. 6 December 2001, pp. 2896-2910
Copyright ©2001 by the American Physiological Society
Department of Neuroscience and Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
Mason, C. R.,
J. E. Gomez, and
T. J. Ebner.
Hand Synergies During Reach-to-Grasp. J. Neurophysiol. 86: 2896-2910, 2001. An emerging viewpoint is
that the CNS uses synergies to simplify the control of the hand.
Previous work has shown that static hand postures for mimed grasps can
be described by a few principal components in which the higher order
components explained only a small fraction of the variance yet provided
meaningful information. Extending that earlier work, this study
addressed whether the entire act of grasp can be described by a small
number of postural synergies and whether these synergies are similar
for different grasps. Five right-handed adults performed five types of
reach-to-grasps including power grasp, power grasp with a lift,
precision grasp, and mimed power grasp and mimed precision grasp of 16 different objects. The object shapes were cones, cylinders, and
spindles, systematically varied in size to produce a large range of
finger joint angle combinations. Three-dimensional reconstructions of 21 positions on the hand and wrist throughout the reach-to-grasp were
obtained using a four-camera video system. Singular value decomposition
on the temporal sequence of the marker positions was used to identify
the common patterns ("eigenpostures") across the 16 objects for
each task and their weightings as a function of time. The first
eigenposture explained an average of 97.3 ± 0.89% (mean ± SD) of the variance of the hand shape, and the second another 1.9 ± 0.85%. The first eigenposture was characterized by an open hand
configuration that opens and closes during reach. The second
eigenposture contributed to the control of the thumb and long fingers,
particularly in the opening of the hand during the reach and the
closing in preparation for object grasp. The eigenpostures and their
temporal evolutions were similar across subjects and grasps. The higher
order eigenpostures, although explaining only small amounts of the
variance, contributed to the movements of the fingers and thumb. These
findings suggest that much of reach-to-grasp is effected using a base
posture with refinements in finger and thumb positions added in time to
yield unique hand shapes.
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