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The Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 87 No. 4 April 2002, pp. 1749-1762
Copyright ©2002 by the American Physiological Society
Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0506
Furukawa, Shigeto and
John C. Middlebrooks.
Cortical Representation of Auditory Space: Information-Bearing
Features of Spike Patterns. J. Neurophysiol. 87: 1749-1762, 2002. Previous studies have demonstrated
that the spike patterns of cortical neurons vary systematically as a
function of sound-source location such that the response of a single
neuron can signal the location of a sound source throughout 360° of
azimuth. The present study examined specific features of spike patterns
that might transmit information related to sound-source location.
Analysis was based on responses of well-isolated single units recorded from cortical area A2 in 
-chloralose-anesthetized cats. Stimuli were
80-ms noise bursts presented from loudspeakers in the horizontal plane;
source azimuths ranged through 360° in 20° steps. Spike patterns
were averaged across samples of eight trials. A competitive artificial
neural network (ANN) identified sound-source locations by recognizing
spike patterns; the ANN was trained using the learning vector
quantization learning rule. The information about stimulus location
that was transmitted by spike patterns was computed from joint
stimulus-response probability matrices. Spike patterns were manipulated
in various ways to isolate particular features. Full-spike patterns,
which contained all spike-count information and spike timing with
100-µs precision, transmitted the most stimulus-related information.
Transmitted information was sensitive to disruption of spike timing on
a scale of more than ~4 ms and was reduced by an average of ~35%
when spike-timing information was obliterated entirely. In a condition
in which all but the first spike in each pattern were eliminated,
transmitted information decreased by an average of only ~11%. In
many cases, that condition showed essentially no loss of transmitted
information. Three unidimensional features were extracted from spike
patterns. Of those features, spike latency transmitted ~60% more
information than that transmitted either by spike count or by a measure
of latency dispersion. Information transmission by spike patterns
recorded on single trials was substantially reduced compared with the
information transmitted by averages of eight trials. In a comparison of
averaged and nonaveraged responses, however, the information
transmitted by latencies was reduced by only ~29%, whereas
information transmitted by spike counts was reduced by 79%. Spike
counts clearly are sensitive to sound-source location and could
transmit information about sound-source locations. Nevertheless, the
present results demonstrate that the timing of the first poststimulus
spike carries a substantial amount, probably the majority, of the
location-related information present in spike patterns. The results
indicate that any complete model of the cortical representation of
auditory space must incorporate the temporal characteristics of
neuronal response patterns.
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