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The Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 87 No. 4 April 2002, pp. 1915-1923
Copyright ©2002 by the American Physiological Society
Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
Edelman, Jay A. and
Michael E. Goldberg.
Effect of Short-Term Saccadic Adaptation on Saccades Evoked by
Electrical Stimulation in the Primate Superior Colliculus. J. Neurophysiol. 87: 1915-1923, 2002. The
brain maintains the accuracy of visually guided movements by using
visual feedback to correct for changes in the nervous system and
musculature that would otherwise result in dysmetria. In monkeys,
evidence suggests that an adaptive mechanism can compensate for
weakness in an extraocular muscle by changing the gain of the neural
signal to the weakened muscle. The visual effects of such neuromuscular
changes have been simulated using a short-term saccade adaptation
paradigm, in which the target spot jumps to a new location during the
initial saccade. Under these circumstances, over several hundred
trials, monkeys gradually change the amplitude of their saccades so
that the eye lands closer to the final location of the target spot.
There is considerable evidence from lesion and single-unit recording
studies that the locus of such saccade adaptation is downstream of the
superior colliculus in the cerebellum. Paradoxically, previous research
has indicated that saccades evoked by electrical stimulation in the
superior colliculus are not modified by short-term saccade adaptation,
suggesting that adaptation occurs in the oculomotor system upstream of
the superior colliculus or else in a pathway that bypasses the superior
colliculus. We tested whether this result was due to using
suprathreshold stimulation currents. Stimulating at 44 low-threshold
sites in the superior colliculi of three monkeys revealed that using
low current levels evoked saccades that were modified by adaptation.
Adaptation for visually guided and electrically evoked saccades had
similar time courses and tended to be accomplished by a reduction in
saccade velocity rather than a decrease in duration. Moreover, the more similar the velocity of electrically evoked and visually guided saccades prior to the start of saccadic adaptation the greater the
effect of adaptation on electrically evoked saccades. These results
suggest that the superior colliculus is indeed upstream of the locus of
adaptation, corroborating previous lesion and single-cell recording
studies, but that the mechanism mediating saccade adaptation is
sensitive to the parameters of electrical stimulation.
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