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The Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 87 No. 5 May 2002, pp. 2577-2592
Copyright ©2002 by the American Physiological Society
1Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UD; 2Oxford Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain, Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom; and 3Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
Rushworth, M.F.S.,
K. A. Hadland,
T. Paus, and
P. K. Sipila.
Role of the Human Medial Frontal Cortex in Task Switching: A
Combined fMRI and TMS Study. J. Neurophysiol. 87: 2577-2592, 2002. We used event-related functional magnetic
resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure brain activity when subjects were
performing identical tasks in the context of either a
task-set switch or a continuation of earlier performance. The context,
i.e., switching or staying with the current task, influenced medial
frontal cortical activation; the medial frontal cortex is transiently
activated at the time that subjects switch from one way of performing a task to another. Two types of task-set-switching paradigms were investigated. In the response-switching (RS) paradigm, subjects switched between different rules for response selection and had to
choose between competing responses. In the visual-switching (VS)
paradigm, subjects switched between different rules for stimulus selection and had to choose between competing visual stimuli. The type
of conflict, sensory (VS) or motor (RS), involved in switching was
critical in determining medial frontal activation. Switching in the RS
paradigm was associated with clear blood-oxygenation-level-dependent signal increases ("activations") in three medial frontal areas: the
rostral cingulate zone, the caudal cingulate zone, and the presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA). Switching in the VS task was
associated with definite activation in just one medial frontal area, a
region on the border between the pre-SMA and the SMA. Subsequent to the
fMRI session, we used MRI-guided frameless stereotaxic procedures and
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to test the
importance of the medial frontal activations for task switching.
Applying rTMS over the pre-SMA disrupted subsequent RS performance but
only when it was applied in the context of a switch. This result shows,
first, that the pre-SMA is essential for task switching and
second that its essential role is transient and limited to
just the time of behavioral switching. The results are consistent with
a role for the pre-SMA in selecting between response sets at a
superordinate level rather than in selecting individual responses. The
effect of the rTMS was not simply due to the tactile and auditory
artifacts associated with each pulse; rTMS over several control regions
did not selectively disrupt switching. Applying rTMS over the
SMA/pre-SMA area activated in the VS paradigm did not disrupt
switching. This result, first, confirms the limited importance of the
medial frontal cortex for sensory attentional switching. Second, the VS
rTMS results suggest that just because an area is activated in two
paradigms does not mean that it plays the same essential
role in both cases.
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