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The Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 88 No. 4 October 2002, pp. 2019-2034
Copyright ©2002 by the American Physiological Society
The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, San Francisco, California 94115
McPeek, Robert M. and
Edward L. Keller.
Saccade Target Selection in the Superior Colliculus During a
Visual Search Task. J. Neurophysiol. 88: 2019-2034, 2002. Because real-world scenes typically contain many
different potential objects of interest, selecting one goal from many
is clearly a fundamental problem faced by the saccadic system. We recorded from visual, movement, and visuo-movement (VM) neurons in the
superior colliculus (SC) of monkeys performing a reaction-time visual-search task requiring them to make saccades to an odd-colored target presented with distractors. First, we compared the responses of
SC neurons in search with their responses when a single target was
presented without distractors (single-stimulus task). Consistent with
earlier reports, initial visual activity was smaller in search than in
the single-stimulus task, while movement-related activity in the two
tasks was comparable. Further experiments showed that much of the
reduction in the initial visual response during search was due to
lateral inhibition, although a top-down task-related component was also
evident. Although the initial visual activity did not discriminate the
target from the distractors, some neurons showed a biphasic pattern of
visual activity. In VM burst neurons, the second phase of this activity
was significantly larger when the target, rather than a distractor, was
in the response field. We traced the time course of target/distractor
discrimination using receiver operating characteristic (ROC)
analysis and found that VM burst neurons, VM prelude neurons, and pure
movement neurons discriminated the target from distractors before
saccade onset but that phasic and tonic pure visual neurons did not. We
also examined the relationship between target/distractor discrimination time and saccade latency. Discrimination in VM burst neurons having a
biphasic pattern of visual activity and in many VM prelude neurons occurred after a consistent delay that did not depend on saccade latency, suggesting that these neurons are involved in target selection
as well as movement initiation. In contrast, VM burst neurons lacking a
biphasic pattern of visual activity, pure movement neurons, and a
subset of VM prelude neurons discriminated the target at a time that
was well correlated with saccade latency, suggesting that this latter
group of neurons is involved in triggering movement execution but not
in target selection. Thus a mix of signals likely related to target
selection and movement initiation co-exists in different groups of SC
neurons. This suggests that certain types of SC neurons participate in
the target selection process and that the SC as a whole represents a
gateway for target selection signals to be converted into a saccadic command.
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