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The Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 88 No. 4 October 2002, pp. 2047-2057
Copyright ©2002 by the American Physiological Society
s
Piettre,11Unité Mixte Université Joseph Fourier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale 438, Laboratoire de Recherche Correspondant Commissariat à L'Energie Atomique, 38043 Grenoble, France; and 2Institut des Sciences Cognitives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Université Claude Bernard, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5015, 69675 Bron, France
Simon, Stéphane R.,
Martine Meunier,
Los Piettre,
Anna M. Berardi,
Christoph
M. Segebarth, and
Driss Boussaoud.
Spatial Attention and Memory Versus Motor Preparation: Premotor
Cortex Involvement as Revealed by fMRI. J. Neurophysiol. 88: 2047-2057, 2002. Recent studies in both
monkeys and humans indicate that the dorsal premotor cortex
participates in spatial attention and working memory, in addition to
its well known role in movement planning and execution. One important
question is whether these functions overlap or are segregated within
this frontal area. Single-cell recordings in monkeys suggest a relative
specialization of the rostral portion of dorsal premotor cortex for
attention and/or memory and of the caudal region for motor preparation.
To test whether this possibility also holds true in humans, we used
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to compare, in the same
set of subjects, brain activation related to strong spatial attention and memory demands to that elicited by long motor preparatory periods.
The behavioral protocol was based on a task that had proved effective
for dissociating neuronal properties related to these two functions in
the monkey brain. The principle of the monkey task was that a first cue
guided the focus of spatial attention and memory, whereas a second one
instructed an arm movement. Based on this principle, two tasks were
developed. One maximized spatial attention and memory demands by
presenting long series of stimuli (4, 8, or 12) before the motor
instructional cue, whereas the other extended the motor preparation
phase by imposing long and variable delays (1-5.5 s) between the onset
of the instructional cue and movement execution. The two tasks and
their respective control conditions were arranged in two blocked-design
sequences. The results indicate that the brain networks underlying the
two functional domains overlap in the caudate nucleus and
presupplementary motor area, and possibly in lateral prefrontal cortex
as well, but involve different dorsal premotor fields. Motor
preparation primarily recruited a dorsal premotor area located
caudally, within the precentral gyrus (together with the supplementary
motor area), whereas spatial attention and memory preferentially
activated a more rostral site, in and anterior to the precentral sulcus (in addition to the posterior parietal cortex). These findings strengthen the idea that the primate dorsal premotor cortex contributes to both motor and nonmotor processes. Moreover, they corroborate emerging evidence from monkey physiology suggesting a relative functional segregation within this cortex, with attention to short-term storage of visuospatial information engaging a more rostral region than
motor preparation.
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