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J Neurophysiol (November 1, 2002). 10.1152/jn.00002.2001
Submitted on 4 January 2001
Accepted on 8 July 2002
Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
Shenoy, Krishna V.,
James A. Crowell, and
Richard A. Andersen.
Pursuit Speed Compensation in Cortical Area MSTd. J. Neurophysiol. 88: 2630-2647, 2002. When we move forward the visual images on our retinas expand. Humans
rely on the focus, or center, of this expansion to estimate their
direction of self-motion or heading and, as long as the eyes are still,
the retinal focus corresponds to the heading. However, smooth pursuit
eye movements add visual motion to the expanding retinal image and
displace the focus of expansion. In spite of this, humans accurately
judge their heading during pursuit eye movements even though the
retinal focus no longer corresponds to the heading. Recent studies in
macaque suggest that correction for pursuit may occur in the dorsal
aspect of the medial superior temporal area (MSTd); neurons in this
area are tuned to the retinal position of the focus and they modify
their tuning to partially compensate for the focus shift caused by
pursuit. However, the question remains whether these neurons shift
focus tuning more at faster pursuit speeds, to
compensate for the larger focus shifts created by faster pursuit. To
investigate this question, we recorded from 40 MSTd neurons while
monkeys made pursuit eye movements at a range of speeds across
simulated self- or object motion displays. We found that most MSTd
neurons modify their focus tuning more at faster pursuit
speeds, consistent with the idea that they encode heading and other
motion parameters regardless of pursuit speed. Across the population,
the median rate of compensation increase with pursuit speed was 51% as
great as required for perfect compensation. We recorded from the same
neurons in a simulated pursuit condition, in which gaze was fixed but
the entire display counter-rotated to produce the same retinal image as
during real pursuit. This condition yielded the result that retinal
cues contribute to pursuit compensation; the rate of compensation
increase was 30% of that required for accurate encoding of heading.
The difference between these two conditions was significant
(P < 0.05), indicating that extraretinal cues also
contribute significantly. We found a systematic antialignment between
preferred pursuit and preferred visual motion directions. Neurons may
use this antialignment to combine retinal and extraretinal compensatory
cues. These results indicate that many MSTd neurons compensate for
pursuit velocity, pursuit direction as previously
reported and pursuit speed, and further implicate MSTd
as a critical stage in the computation of egomotion.
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