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J Neurophysiol (January 1, 2003). 10.1152/jn.00416.2002
Submitted on Submitted 6 June 2002; accepted in final form 20 September 2002
1Motor Control Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3P1, Canada; 2Neurophysiology Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H9, Canada; and 3Department of Biophysics, Katholieke Universiteit 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Zehr, E. Paul,
David F. Collins,
Alain Frigon, and
Nienke Hoogenboom.
Neural Control of Rhythmic Human Arm Movement: Phase Dependence
and Task Modulation of Hoffmann Reflexes in Forearm Muscles. J. Neurophysiol. 89: 12-21, 2003. Although we move our arms
rhythmically during walking, running, and swimming, we know little
about the neural control of such movements. Our working hypothesis is
that neural mechanisms controlling rhythmic movements are similar in
the human lumbar and cervical spinal cord. Thus reflex modulation
during rhythmic arm movement should be similar to that seen during leg
movement. Our main experimental hypotheses were that the amplitude of
H-reflexes in the forearm muscles would be modulated during arm
movement (i.e., phase-dependent) and would be inhibited during cycling
compared with static contraction (i.e., task-dependent). Furthermore,
to determine the locus of any modulation, we tested the effect that
active and passive movement of the ipsilateral (relative to stimulated
arm) and contralateral arm had on H-reflex amplitude. Subjects
performed rhythmic arm cycling on a custom-made hydraulic ergometer in
which the two arms could be constrained to move together (180° out of
phase) or could rotate independently. Position of the stimulated limb in the movement cycle is described with respect to the clock face. H-reflexes were evoked at 12, 3, 6, and 9 o'clock positions during static contraction as well as during rhythmic arm movements. Reflex amplitudes were compared between tasks at equal M wave amplitudes and
similar levels of electromyographic (EMG) activity in the target
muscle. Surface EMG recordings were obtained bilaterally from flexor
carpi radialis as well as from other muscles controlling the wrist,
elbow, and shoulder. Compared with reflexes evoked during static
contractions, movement of the stimulated limb attenuated H-reflexes by
50.8% (P < 0.005), 65.3% (P < 0.001), and 52.6% (P < 0.001) for bilateral, active
ipsilateral, and passive ipsilateral movements, respectively. In
contrast, movement of the contralateral limb did not significantly
alter H-reflex amplitude. H-reflexes were also modulated by limb
position (P < 0.005). Thus task- and phase-dependent
modulation were observed in the arm as previously demonstrated in the
leg. The data support the hypothesis that neural mechanisms regulating
reflex pathways in the moving limb are similar in the human upper and
lower limbs. However, the inhibition of H-reflex amplitude induced by
contralateral leg movement is absent in the arms. This may reflect the
greater extent to which the arms can be used independently.
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