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J Neurophysiol (February 1, 2003). 10.1152/jn.00132.2002
Submitted on Submitted 22 February 2002; accepted in final form 7 October 2002
1Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch and 2Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
Hanakawa, Takashi,
Ilka Immisch,
Keiichiro Toma,
Michael A. Dimyan,
Peter Van
Gelderen, and
Mark Hallett.
Functional Properties of Brain Areas Associated With Motor
Execution and Imagery. J. Neurophysiol. 89: 989-1002, 2003. Imagining motor acts is a cognitive task that
engages parts of the executive motor system. While motor imagery has
been intensively studied using neuroimaging techniques, most studies
lack behavioral observations. Here, we used functional MRI to compare
the functional neuroanatomy of motor execution and imagery using a task
that objectively assesses imagery performance. With surface
electromyographic monitoring within a scanner, 10 healthy subjects
performed sequential finger-tapping movements according to visually
presented number stimuli in either a movement or an imagery mode of
performance. We also examined effects of varied and fixed stimulus
types that differ in stimulus dependency of the task. Statistical
parametric mapping revealed movement-predominant activity,
imagery-predominant activity, and activity common to both movement and
imagery modes of performance (movement-and-imagery activity). The
movement-predominant activity included the primary sensory and motor
areas, parietal operculum, and anterior cerebellum that had little
imagery-related activity (
0.1 ~ 0.1%), and the caudal
premotor areas and area 5 that had mild-to-moderate imagery-related
activity (0.2 ~ 0.7%). Many frontoparietal areas and posterior
cerebellum demonstrated movement-and-imagery activity.
Imagery-predominant areas included the precentral sulcus at the level
of middle frontal gyrus and the posterior superior parietal
cortex/precuneus. Moreover, activity of the superior precentral sulcus
and intraparietal sulcus areas, predominantly on the left, was
associated with accuracy of the imagery task performance. Activity of
the inferior precentral sulcus (area 6/44) showed stimulus-type effect
particularly for the imagery mode. A time-course analysis of activity
suggested a functional gradient, which was characterized by a more
"executive" or more "imaginative" property in many areas
related to movement and/or imagery. The results from the present study
provide new insights into the functional neuroanatomy of motor imagery,
including the effects of imagery performance and stimulus-dependency on brain activity.
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