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1 Psychology Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; 2 Neuroscience and Biotechnology Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; 3 Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Moleculare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura e Carattere Scientifico, San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy; 4 Neuroradiology Department, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura e Carattere Scientifico, San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy; 5 Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy; 6 Computer Science Department, University of Milano-Statale, 20122 Milan, Italy; 7 Servizio di Cinematografia Scientifica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Area di Milano, 20131 Milan, Italy
Submitted 16 October 2002; accepted in final form 1 May 2003
Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) PET scans were used to study the physiological bases of lipreading, a natural skill of extracting language from mouth movements, which contributes to speech perception in everyday life. Viewing connected mouth movements that could not be lexically identified and that evoke perception of isolated speech sounds (nonlexical lipreading) was associated with bilateral activation of the auditory association cortex around Wernicke's area, of left dorsal premotor cortex, and left opercular-premotor division of the left inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area). The supplementary motor area was active as well. These areas have all been implicated in phonological processing, speech and mouth motor planning, and execution. In addition, nonlexical lipreading also differentially activated visual motion areas. Lexical access through lipreading was associated with a similar pattern of activation and with additional foci in ventral- and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex bilaterally and in left inferior parietal cortex. Linear regression analysis of cerebral blood flow and proficiency for lexical lipreading further clarified the role of these areas in gaining access to language through lipreading. The results suggest cortical activation circuits for lipreading from action representations that may differentiate lexical access from nonlexical processes.
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