HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 91/2/924    most recent 00675.2003v1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in ISI Web of Science Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via ISI Web of Science (33) Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Krakauer, J. W. Articles by Ghez, C. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Krakauer, J. W. Articles by Ghez, C.

Differential Cortical and Subcortical Activations in Learning Rotations and Gains for Reaching: A PET Study

¹Department of Neurology and ²Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York 10032; and ³Center for Neurosciences, Northshore-Long Island Jewish Research Institute, Manhasset, New York 11030 and New York University School of Medicine

Submitted 11 July 2003; accepted in final form 25 September 2003

Previous studies suggest that horizontal reaching movements are planned vectorially with independent specification of direction and extent. The transformation from visual to hand-centered coordinates requires the learning of a task-specific reference frame and scaling factor. We studied learning of a novel reference frame by imposing a screen-cursor rotation and learning of a scaling factor by imposing a novel gain. Previous work demonstrates that rotation and gain learning have different time courses and patterns of generalization. Here we used PET to identify and compare brain areas activated during rotation and gain learning, with a baseline motor-execution task as the subtracted control. Previous work has shown that the time courses of rotation and gain adaptation have a short rapid phase followed by a longer slow phase. We therefore also sought to compare activations associated with the rapid and slower phases of adaptation. We isolated the rapid phase by alternating opposite values of the rotation or gain every 16 movements. The rapid phase of rotation adaptation activated the preSMA. More complete adaptation to the rotation activated right ventral premotor cortex, right posterior parietal cortex, and the left lateral cerebellum. The rapid phase of gain learning only activated subcortical structures: bilateral putamen and left cerebellum. More complete gain learning failed to show any significant activation. We conclude that the time course of rotation adaptation is paralleled by a frontoparietal shift in activated cortical regions. In contrast, early gain adaptation involves only subcortical structures, which we suggest reflects a more automatic process of contextual recalibration of a scaling factor.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				R. D. Seidler and D. C. Noll Neuroanatomical Correlates of Motor Acquisition and Motor Transfer J Neurophysiol, April 1, 2008; 99(4): 1836 - 1845. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Desmurget and R. S. Turner Testing Basal Ganglia Motor Functions Through Reversible Inactivations in the Posterior Internal Globus Pallidus J Neurophysiol, March 1, 2008; 99(3): 1057 - 1076. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P.-M. Bernier, G. M. Gauthier, and J. Blouin Evidence for Distinct, Differentially Adaptable Sensorimotor Transformations for Reaches to Visual and Proprioceptive Targets J Neurophysiol, September 1, 2007; 98(3): 1815 - 1819. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Tunik, P. J. Schmitt, and S. T. Grafton BOLD Coherence Reveals Segregated Functional Neural Interactions When Adapting to Distinct Torque Perturbations J Neurophysiol, March 1, 2007; 97(3): 2107 - 2120. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Mazzoni and J. W. Krakauer An implicit plan overrides an explicit strategy during visuomotor adaptation. J. Neurosci., April 5, 2006; 26(14): 3642 - 3645. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J.-H. Lee and P. van Donkelaar The human dorsal premotor cortex generates on-line error corrections during sensorimotor adaptation. J. Neurosci., March 22, 2006; 26(12): 3330 - 3334. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. E. Vaillancourt, M. A. Mayka, and D. M. Corcos Intermittent Visuomotor Processing in the Human Cerebellum, Parietal Cortex, and Premotor Cortex J Neurophysiol, February 1, 2006; 95(2): 922 - 931. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Paz, C. Natan, T. Boraud, H. Bergman, and E. Vaadia Emerging Patterns of Neuronal Responses in Supplementary and Primary Motor Areas during Sensorimotor Adaptation J. Neurosci., November 23, 2005; 25(47): 10941 - 10951. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Diedrichsen, Y. Hashambhoy, T. Rane, and R. Shadmehr Neural Correlates of Reach Errors J. Neurosci., October 26, 2005; 25(43): 9919 - 9931. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. A. Kim, J. C. Eliassen, and J. N. Sanes Movement Quantity and Frequency Coding in Human Motor Areas J Neurophysiol, October 1, 2005; 94(4): 2504 - 2511. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Della-Maggiore and A. R. McIntosh Time Course of Changes in Brain Activity and Functional Connectivity Associated With Long-Term Adaptation to a Rotational Transformation J Neurophysiol, April 1, 2005; 93(4): 2254 - 2262. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]