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REVIEW
1Canadian Institutes of Health Research Group for Action and Perception, 2York Centre for Vision Research, Departments of Psychology, Biology, and Kinesiology and Health Sciences, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada; and 3Nijmegen Institute for Cognition and Information and FC Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, University of Nijmegen, NL 6500 HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Submitted 4 February 2004; accepted in final form 20 February 2004
ABSTRACT
Eye–hand coordination is complex because it involves the visual guidance of both the eyes and hands, while simultaneously using eye movements to optimize vision. Since only hand motion directly affects the external world, eye movements are the slave in this system. This eye–hand visuomotor system incorporates closed-loop visual feedback but here we focus on early feedforward mechanisms that allow primates to make spatially accurate reaches. First, we consider how the parietal cortex might store and update gaze-centered representations of reach targets during a sequence of gaze shifts and fixations. Recent evidence suggests that such representations might be compared with hand position signals within this early gaze-centered frame. However, the resulting motor error commands cannot be treated independently of their frame of origin or the frame of their destined motor command. Behavioral experiments show that the brain deals with the nonlinear aspects of such reference frame transformations, and incorporates internal models of the complex linkage geometry of the eye–head–shoulder system. These transformations are modeled as a series of vector displacement commands, rotated by eye and head orientation, and implemented between parietal and frontal cortex through efficient parallel neuronal architectures. Finally, we consider how this reach system might interact with the visually guided grasp system through both parallel and coordinated neural algorithms.
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