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J Neurophysiol 93: 3127-3145, 2005. First published January 12, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.01073.2004
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Kinematic and EMG Determinants in Quadrupedal Locomotion of a Non-Human Primate (Rhesus)

Grégoire Courtine1, Roland R. Roy2, John Hodgson1,2, Heather McKay3, Joseph Raven1, Hui Zhong1, Hong Yang4, Mark H. Tuszynski4,5 and V. Reggie Edgerton1,2

1Department of Physiological Science and 2Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles; 3California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC), University of California, Davis; 4Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla.; and 5Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, California

Submitted 13 October 2004; accepted in final form 8 January 2005

We hypothesized that the activation patterns of flexor and extensor muscles and the resulting kinematics of the forelimbs and hindlimbs during locomotion in the Rhesus would have unique characteristics relative to other quadrupedal mammals. Adaptations of limb movements and in motor pool recruitment patterns in accommodating a range of treadmill speeds similar to other terrestrial animals in both the hindlimb and forelimb were observed. Flexor and extensor motor neurons from motor pools in the lumbar segments, however, were more highly coordinated than in the cervical segments. Unlike the lateral sequence characterizing subprimate quadrupedal locomotion, non-human primates use diagonal coordination between the hindlimbs and forelimbs, similar to that observed in humans between the legs and arms. Although there was a high level of coordination between hind- and forelimb locomotion kinematics, limb-specific neural control strategies were evident in the intersegmental coordination patterns and limb endpoint trajectories. Based on limb kinematics and muscle recruitment patterns, it appears that the hindlimbs, and notably the distal extremities, contribute more to body propulsion than the forelimbs. Furthermore, we found adaptive changes in the recruitment patterns of distal muscles in the hind- and forelimb with increased treadmill speed that likely correlate with the anatomical and functional evolution of hand and foot digits in monkeys. Changes in the properties of both the spinal and supraspinal circuitry related to stepping, probably account for the peculiarities in the kinematic and EMG properties during non-human primate locomotion. We suggest that such adaptive changes may have facilitated evolution toward bipedal locomotion.

Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: V. R. Edgerton, Dept. of Physiological Science, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095-1527 (E-mail: vre{at}ucla.edu)




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