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J Neurophysiol 93: 3434-3441, 2005. First published February 2, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.00555.2004
0022-3077/05 $8.00
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Color of Scents: Chromatic Stimuli Modulate Odor Responses in the Human Brain

Robert A. Österbauer1, Paul M. Matthews1, Mark Jenkinson1, Christian F. Beckmann1, Peter C. Hansen2 and Gemma A. Calvert1,2,3

1Oxford Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain, John Radcliffe Hospital and 2University Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford; and 3Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom

Submitted 27 May 2004; accepted in final form 27 January 2005

Color has a profound effect on the perception of odors. For example, strawberry-flavored drinks smell more pleasant when colored red than green and descriptions of the "nose" of a wine are dramatically influenced by its color. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we demonstrate a neurophysiological correlate of these cross-modal visual influences on olfactory perception. Subjects were scanned while exposed either to odors or colors in isolation or to color-odor combinations that were rated on the basis of how well they were perceived to match. Activity in caudal regions of the orbitofrontal cortex and in the insular cortex increased progressively with the perceived congruency of the odor-color pairs. These findings demonstrate the neuronal correlates of olfactory response modulation by color cues in brain areas previously identified as encoding the hedonic value of smells.

Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: R. A. Österbauer, Oxford Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK (E-mail: robert{at}fmrib.ox.ac.uk)




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