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J Neurophysiol 94: 2457-2471, 2005. First published June 15, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.00373.2005
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Neuronal Activity in Primate Orbitofrontal Cortex Reflects the Value of Time

Matthew R. Roesch1,2 and Carl R. Olson1,2

1Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Mellon Institute; and 2Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Submitted 12 April 2005; accepted in final form 11 June 2005

Neurons in monkey orbitofrontal cortex (OF) are known to respond to reward-predicting cues with a strength that depends on the value of the predicted reward as determined 1) by intrinsic attributes including size and quality and 2) by extrinsic factors including the monkey's state of satiation and awareness of what other rewards are currently available. We pose here the question whether another extrinsic factor critical to determining reward value—the delay expected to elapse before delivery—influences neuronal activity in OF. To answer this question, we recorded from OF neurons while monkeys performed a memory-guided saccade task in which a cue presented early in each trial predicted whether the delay before the monkey could respond and receive a reward of fixed size would be short or long. OF neurons tended to fire more strongly in response to a cue predicting a short delay. The tendency to fire more strongly in anticipation of a short delay was correlated across neurons with the tendency to fire more strongly before a large reward. We conclude that neuronal activity in OF represents the time-discounted value of the expected reward.

Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: M. R. Roesch, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, HSF-2, Room S251, 20 Penn St., Baltimore, MD 21201 (E-mail: mroes001{at}umaryland.edu)




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