The physiological effects of ascending vagal afferent activity in the primate forebrain have not been established, and because vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is useful clinically for treatment of epilepsy and depression, these actions need to be identified. We used a roving microelectrode to record vagal evoked potentials in the thalamus of the macaque monkey. In addition to the anticipated activation in the gustatory / visceral thalamic relay nucleus, we found an unexpectedly larger and earlier response focus with multi-unit discharges in the adjacent parafascicular nucleus (Pf). These data reveal a potent vagal input to this intralaminar nucleus, which is normally considered to be involved in motor control. This finding indicates that a role for this vagal activation site in the anti-epileptic effects of VNS needs to be considered.