Although the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is commonly assumed to be a relay for striatal (STR) output, anatomical evidence suggests the two structures are connected in parallel, raising the possibility that parallel STN and STR firing patterns mediate behavioral processes. The STR is known to play a role in associative and limbic processes, and while behavioral studies suggest that the STN may do so as well, evaluation of this hypothesis is complicated by a lack of pertinent STN physiological data. We recorded concurrent STN and STR firing patterns in rats learning an operant nose-poke task. Both structures responded in similar proportions to task events including instructive cues, discriminative nose-pokes, and sucrose reinforcement. Neuronal responses to reinforcement comprised phasic excitations preceding reinforcement and inhibitions afterwards; the inhibition was attenuated when reinforcement was absent. Reinforcement responses occurred more frequently during later training sessions in which discriminative action was required, suggesting that responses were context-dependent. Nose-pokes were typically preceded by excitations; there also was a nonsignificant trend towards inhibition encoding correct nose-pokes. Sustained changes in firing rate coinciding with specific task events suggested that both nuclei were encoding behavioral sequences; this is the first report of such behavior in the STN. Our findings also reveal complex STN responses to reinforcement. Thus, both STN and STR neurons show concurrent involvement in motor, limbic, and associative processes.