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1 Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: severlin{at}uwo.ca.
One of the hallmarks of cognitive control is the suppression of prepotent but inappropriate responses. Here we used event-related fMRI to measure functional brain activation during a stimulus-response incompatibility task. Subjects were instructed before a stimulus appeared either to look at the stimulus (pro-saccade) or to look away from the stimulus (anti-saccade). Eye movements were recorded so that functional brain activation could be grouped into pro-saccades, correct anti-saccades and errors (saccades towards the stimulus on anti-saccade trials). Correct anti-saccade trials were associated with significantly more activation in frontal and parietal cortical areas compared with pro-saccade trials during the late preparatory period before stimulus appearance. Correct anti-saccades evoked more activation than errors in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex and pre-supplementary eye fields during this period. No significant differences were found for any comparisons early in the preparatory period. Our data suggest that the preparation of an anti-saccade activates a large frontal and parietal network that may be involved in presetting the oculomotor system for the anti-saccade task. These findings indicate that a large network of frontal and posterior areas is modulated during the latter component of the preparatory period on anti-saccade compared with pro-saccade trials. The results further suggest that the activation level of frontal cortical areas prior to stimulus presentation is associated with subjects performance in the anti-saccade task. In contrast, we found no areas that were more active for correct anti-saccades than pro-saccades or for correct anti-saccades than error anti-saccades during the stimulus-response period. In fact, a number of posterior cortical areas and a few areas in the superior frontal lobe were more active during the stimulus-response period on pro-saccade trials than on anti-saccade trials. Error anti-saccades showed a larger activation in the ACC during the stimulus-response period compared with correct anti-saccades.
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