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J Neurophysiol (September 1, 2004). doi:10.1152/jn.00582.2004
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Submitted on June 7, 2004
Accepted on August 30, 2004

Kinematic and kinetic constraints on arm, trunk, and leg segments in target-reaching movements

James S. Thomas1*, Daniel M. Corcos1, and Ziaul Hasan1

1 Physical Therapy, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: thomasj5{at}ohiou.edu.

We studied target reaching tasks involving not only the arms but also the trunk and legs, and which necessitated some trunk flexion. Such tasks can be successfully completed using numerous combinations of segment motions due to kinematic redundancy. Sagittal plane motions of six segments (shank, thigh, pelvis, trunk, humerus, and forearm), and dynamic torques of six joints (ankle, knee, hip, lumbar, shoulder, and elbow) were analyzed separately by Principal Component (PC) analyses to determine if there was a commonality amongst the shapes of the respective waveforms. Additionally, PC analyses were used to probe for constraining relationships amongst the 1) relative magnitudes of segment excursions, and 2) the peak to peak dynamic joint torques. In sum, at the kinematic level, the tasks are simplified by the use of a single common waveform for all segment excursions with 89.9% variance accounted for (VAF), but with less fixed relationships amongst the relative scaling of the magnitude of segment excursions (62.2% VAF). However, at the kinetic level, the time course of the dynamic joint torques are not well captured by a single waveform (72.7% VAF), but the tasks are simplified by relatively fixed relationships amongst the scaling of dynamic joint torque magnitudes across task conditions (94.7% VAF). Taken together, these results indicate that while the effective degrees of freedom in a multi-joint task are reduced differently at the kinematic and kinetic levels, they both contribute to simplifying the neural control of these tasks.




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