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1 Wellcome Dept. of Imaging Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
2 Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
3 Forschungszentrum Juelich, Institut fur Medizin (IME), Juelich, Germany
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: p.bentley{at}fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk.
We examined whether behavioural and neural effects of repeating faces are modulated by independent factors of selective attention, emotion and cholinergic enhancement, during functional MRI. Face repetition occurred either between task-relevant (spatially attended) or task-irrelevant (unattended) stimuli; faces could be fearful or neutral; subjects received either placebo or physostigmine. Under placebo, an RT advantage occurred with repetition (i.e. priming) that did not differ between levels of attention, but was attenuated with emotion. Inferior temporo-occipital cortex demonstrated repetition decreases to both attended and unattended faces, and showed either equivalent or greater repetition decreases with emotional compared to neutral faces. By contrast, repetition decreases were attenuated for emotional relative to neutral faces in lateral orbitofrontal cortex. These results distinguish automatic repetition effects in sensory cortical regions from repetition effects modulated by emotion in orbitofrontal cortex, that parallel behavioural effects. Under physostigmine, unlike placebo, behavioural repetition effects were seen selectively for attended faces only, while emotional faces no longer impaired priming. Physostigmine enhanced repetition decreases in inferior occipital cortex selectively for attended faces, and reversed the emotional interaction with repetition in lateral orbitofrontal cortex. Thus, we show that cholinergic enhancement both augments a neural signature of priming and modulates the effects of attention and emotion on behavioral and neural consequences of repetition.
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