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1 Department of Physiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Aoba ward, Japan
2 Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
3 Pittsburgh Veterans Affairs Medical Center, United States; Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, W1640 Biomedical Science Tower, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, United States
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: strickp{at}pitt.edu.
The acquisition of motor skills can lead to profound changes in the functional organization of the primary motor cortex (M1). For example, performance of movement sequences after prolonged practice is associated with an expansion of the effector representation in M1. Paradoxically, there is little evidence that the activity of M1 neurons reflects acquired skills, especially sequences of movements. We examined the activity of M1 neurons during skilled movement sequences in macaques trained to successively hit targets on a monitor. The targets appeared either pseudo-randomly (Random mode) or in one of two repeating sequences (Repeating mode). With practice, response times for repeating sequences declined substantially, and the monkeys performed the task predictively. Highly trained animals retained the acquired skill following long gaps in practice. After > 2 years of training, 40% of M1 neurons were differentially active during the two task modes. Variations in movement kinematics did not fully explain the task-dependent modulation of neuron activity. Differentially active neurons were more strongly influenced by task mode than by kinematics. Our results suggest that practice sculpts the response properties of M1 neurons. M1 may be a site of storage for the internal representation of skilled sequential movements.
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