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J Neurophysiol (September 14, 2005). doi:10.1152/jn.00804.2005
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Submitted on August 1, 2005
Accepted on September 7, 2005

Limb Movements During Embryonic Development in the Chick:Evidence for a Continuum in Limb Motor Control Antecedent to Locomotion

Nina S. Bradley*, Dhara Solanki, and Dawn Zhao

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: nbradley{at}usc.edu.

New imaging technologies are revealing ever greater details of motor behavior in fetuses for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Understanding the form, mechanisms and significance of fetal behavior will maximize imaging applications. The chick is readily available for experimentation throughout embryogenesis making it an excellent model for this purpose. Yet in 40 years since Hamburger and colleagues described chick embryonic behavior, we have not determined if motility belongs to a developmental continuum fundamental to posthatching behavior. This study examined kinematics and synchronized EMG during spontaneous limb movements in chicks at 4 time points between embryonic day (E) 9-18. We report that coordinated kinematic and/or EMG patterns were expressed at each time point. Variability observed in knee and ankle excursions at E15-E18 sorted into distinct in phase and out of phase patterns. EMG patterns did not directly account for out of phase patterns, indicating study of movement biomechanics will be critical to fully understand motor control in the embryo. We also provide the first descriptions of 2-10 Hz limb movements emerging E15-E18 and a shift from in phase to out of phase interlimb coordination E9-E18. Our findings revealed that coordinated limb movements persist across development and suggest they belong to a developmental continuum for locomotion. Limb patterns were consistent with the half center model for a locomotor pattern generator. Achievement of these patterns by E9 may thus indicate the embryo has completed a critical phase beyond which developmental progression may be less vulnerable to experimental perturbations or prenatal events.




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