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1 Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
2 Center for Sleep and Respiratory Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
3 Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
4 Center for Sleep and Respiratory Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
5 Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Sleep and Respiratory Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: abele{at}sas.upenn.edu.
The cyclic AMP-response element binding protein (CREB) is an activity-dependent transcription factor important for synaptic plasticity and memory storage. Levels of phosphorylated CREB within the cortex are higher in waking than in sleep, suggesting that CREB plays a role in sleep/wake regulation in mammals. We tested the hypothesis that CREB is critical for sleep/wake regulation by examining behavioral state parameters in mice lacking the 
and 
isoforms of CREB. Over 24 hours, time spent awake was significantly decreased in CREB mutant mice by approximately 100 minutes, and time spent in non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM) sleep was increased correspondingly. Wake and REM sleep periods were shorter in CREB mice, and CREB mice had decreased levels of theta activity during wake and REM sleep, consistent withan impairment in the ability to maintain an activated electroencephalogram. These results suggest that the CREB protein contributes to the mechanisms by which wakefulness is maintained and demonstrate that specific genetic alterations in species as diverse as Drosophila and mice produce similar phenotypes in arousal and wakefulness.
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