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1 Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
2 IBFM-CNR, IRCCS San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
3 Neuroradiology, IRCCS San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
4 Computer Science, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
5 Servizio di Cinematografia Scientifica, CNR, Area di Milano, Milan, Italy
6 IBFM-CNR, IRCCS San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Neuroscience & Biotechnology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: eraldo.paulesu{at}unimib.it.
rCBF PET scans were used to study the physiological bases of lip-reading, a natural skill of extracting language from mouth movements, which contributes to speech perception in everyday life. Viewing connected mouth movements that could not be lexically identified and that evoke perception of isolated speech sounds (non-lexical lip-reading) was associated with bilateral activation of auditory association cortex around Wernick's area, of left dorsal premotor cortex and left opercular-premotor-division of the left inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area). The supplementary motor area was active as well. These areas have all been implicated in phonogical processing, speech and mouth motor planning and execution. In addition, non-lexical lip-reading also differentially activated visual motion areas. Lexical access through lip-reading was associated with a similar pattern of activation and with additional foci in ventral- and dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex bilaterally and in left inferior parietal cortex. Linear regression analysis of cerebral blood flow and proficiency for lexical lip-reading further clarified the role of these areas in gaining access to language through lip-reading. The results suggest cortical activation circuits for lip-reading from action representations which may differentiate lexical access from nonlexical processes.
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